{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:21:09Z","timestamp":1771928469707,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive performance such as rapidly reacting to a target or making correct decisions can directly impact task effectiveness in military, emergency, or athletic settings. Saccades are rapid changes in gaze that support recognition and analysis of objects of potential interest in human vision whose acuity rapidly degrades away from the center. The saccade behavior is highly selective and controlled and thus is an expression of attention. We implemented a two-dimensional reactive saccade task to quantify attention performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied a sample of 169 healthy individuals aged 8\u201382\u202fyears old (39% male), 37 of whom were retested 1\u20133\u202fmonths later. Subjects viewed a target presented in a randomized spatiotemporal sequence, and associated timings of saccade initiation and gaze arrival were registered. Individuals\u2019 performance was characterized with the mean and standard deviation of the reciprocals of these measures (1\/time, postulated to represent the cortical decision speed).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intraclass correlation between the test and retest measures varied from 0.60 to 0.74. The reaction speed showed a tendency to become faster and less variable during development in childhood through young adulthood and thereafter become slower and more variable, with best performance tending to be seen in the 20s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We verified inter-individual variability, within-individual stability, and across-age differences in the performance on a reactive saccade task. A quick assessment of attentional traits or states with saccade reaction metrics, aided by rapidly developing technology, may provide utility in a cognitive readiness test that can inform task assignment or return-to-duty\/play decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1739645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:21:40Z","timestamp":1770096100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Saccade reaction test for the assessment of cognitive readiness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Maruta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","place":["New York, NY, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Ghajar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Trauma Foundation","place":["Palo Alto, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.887145","article-title":"Sleep deprivation: impact on cognitive performance","volume":"3","author":"Alhola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.16.3.240","article-title":"Alcohol-impaired speed and accuracy of cognitive functions: a review of acute tolerance and recovery of cognitive performance","volume":"16","author":"Schweizer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3882.2014","article-title":"Attention and visual tracking degradation during acute sleep deprivation in a military sample","volume":"85","author":"Heaton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819841757","article-title":"Physiological factors which influence cognitive performance in military personnel","volume":"62","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819868409","article-title":"A review of individual operational cognitive readiness: theory development and future directions","volume":"63","author":"Crameri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed.171.10.982","article-title":"Reference values for performance on the automated neuropsychological assessment metrics V3.0 in an active duty military sample","volume":"171","author":"Reeves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acae061","article-title":"Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics: normative reference values for U.S. Army National Guard soldiers","volume":"39","author":"Heaton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-12-00438","article-title":"Defense automated neurobehavioral assessment (DANA)-psychometric properties of a new field-deployable neurocognitive assessment tool","volume":"178","author":"Lathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Military cognitive performance and readiness assessment initiative. 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