{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:54:36Z","timestamp":1781499276408,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most prevalent pharmaco-resistant epilepsies in adults, for which no effective curative regimens or disease-modifying therapies are currently available. Studies have shown that cerebral blood volume (CBV) is significantly reduced throughout the whole brain in epileptic patients during the interictal period, while some have reported increased local cerebral blood flow (CBF). These findings indicate that during epileptic seizures, there are changes in the blood flow of the brain. However, for TLE, the changes in brain blood flow and the functional connections of related nuclei remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to use functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) to detect changes in CBV in mice during acute seizure state of TLE, as well as alterations in global brain functional network connectivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings showed that most brain regions exhibit changes in relative CBV (rCBV). Among the 12 epilepsy-related brain regions, all except the intermediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (IMD) and striatum (STR) showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in rCBV. Additionally, the rCBV changes in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RT) occurred earlier than in other nuclei, the brain\u2019s functional connectivity (FC) underwent distinct changes, which may be associated with the remodeling of brain FC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrated that CBV exhibited heterogeneous changes across the whole brain, and the overall brain functional network connectivity underwent modifications during acute seizure state of TLE in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1739882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:26:07Z","timestamp":1781497567000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional ultrasound assessment of cerebral blood flow and brain connectivity in a pilocarpine-induced acute epileptic seizures in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, First School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baocong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Peking University First Hospital-Ningxia Women and Children\u2019s Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University","place":["Yinchuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.02.020","article-title":"History of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"70","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220706113925","article-title":"Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: a narrative review","volume":"21","author":"Neri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209528","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209528","article-title":"Associations of cerebral blood flow patterns with gray and white matter structure in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"103","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.06.0085","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography detects the elevation of cerebral blood flow during ictal-phase of pentetrazol-induced seizures in dogs","volume":"83","author":"Sasaoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858412462747","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Remodeling and Epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Marchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2024.107465","article-title":"Unveiling the potential of ultrasound in brain imaging: innovations, challenges, and prospects","volume":"145","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.10.015","article-title":"Challenges and perspectives of the hybridization of pet with functional MRI or ultrasound for neuroimaging","volume":"474","author":"Tournier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2592","article-title":"Functional ultrasound imaging of the brain: theory and basic principles","volume":"60","author":"Mace","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.7507\/1001-5515.202206050","article-title":"The developments and applications of functional ultrasound imaging","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05LT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abdee5","article-title":"Imaging the response to deep brain stimulation in rodent using functional ultrasound","volume":"66","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.003","article-title":"Ultrasound technologies for imaging and modulating neural activity","volume":"108","author":"Rabut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.02.012","article-title":"Functional ultrasound imaging of the human spinal cord","volume":"112","author":"Agyeman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.012","article-title":"Circuit mechanism for suppression of frontal cortical ignition during NREM sleep","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.031","article-title":"Leptomeningeal collaterals regulate reperfusion in ischemic stroke and rescue the brain from futile recanalization","volume":"112","author":"Binder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3791\/62267","DOI":"10.3791\/62267","article-title":"Whole-brain 3D activation and functional connectivity mapping in mice using transcranial functional ultrasound imaging","volume":"168","author":"Bertolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.020","article-title":"The pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: over one decade later, with more rodent species and new investigative approaches","volume":"130","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070834","article-title":"Glial response and neuronal modulation induced by epidural electrode implant in the pilocarpine mouse model of epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Spagnoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592014","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1592014","article-title":"Refinement of the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model in mice to improve mortality outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6023","article-title":"Functional ultrasound imaging of intrinsic connectivity in the living rat brain with high spatiotemporal resolution","volume":"5","author":"Osmanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113862","article-title":"Functional ultrasound imaging of recent and remote memory recall in the associative fear neural network in mice","volume":"428","author":"Grohs-Metz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2014.12.002","article-title":"Morphological imaging of the Hippocampus in epilepsy","volume":"171","author":"Isnard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02536.x","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy","volume":"51","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17016","article-title":"Optogenetic activation of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus attenuates limbic seizures via inhibition of the midline thalamus","volume":"62","author":"Wicker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2010.12.005","article-title":"Neural networks underlying parietal lobe seizures: a quantified study from intracerebral recordings","volume":"93","author":"Bartolomei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109185","article-title":"Spectrum of motor responses elicited by electrical stimulation of primary motor cortex: a Polygraphic study in patients with epilepsy","volume":"142","author":"Fotedar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab7c8e","article-title":"Mapping of primary somatosensory cortex of the hand area using a high-density electrocorticography grid for closed-loop brain computer Interface","volume":"18","author":"Kramer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.04.074","article-title":"Retrosplenial granular B cortex in Normal and epileptic rats: a stereological study","volume":"1218","author":"Cardoso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198254.08581.6b","article-title":"Changes in motor cortex excitability with stimulation of anterior thalamus in epilepsy","volume":"66","author":"Molnar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12990","article-title":"Alterations of apparent diffusion coefficient from ultra high b-values in the bilateral thalamus and striatum in MRI-negative drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94764-7","article-title":"A functional ultrasound brain gps for automatic vascular-based neuronavigation","volume":"11","author":"Nouhoum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920475117","article-title":"Functional imaging evidence for task-induced deactivation and disconnection of a major default mode network hub in the mouse brain","volume":"117","author":"Ferrier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102105","article-title":"Atp and adenosine-two players in the control of seizures and epilepsy development","volume":"204","author":"Beamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00727-5","article-title":"Astrocytes in the initiation and progression of epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Vezzani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.01.001","article-title":"Assessment of cerebral blood flow changes in nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients: a pathophysiological transcranial Doppler study","volume":"23","author":"Merceron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.106948","article-title":"Metabolic correlates of cognitive impairment in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"105","author":"Laurent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13216","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113216","article-title":"Mitochondrial epilepsy, a challenge for neurologists","volume":"23","author":"Lopriore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-4886(03)00045-1","article-title":"Suppression of limbic motor seizures by electrical stimulation in thalamic reticular nucleus","volume":"181","author":"Nanobashvili","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12271","article-title":"A role for inflammation in status epilepticus is revealed by a review of current therapeutic approaches","volume":"54","author":"Janigro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back","volume":"99","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00114.2021","article-title":"Case studies in neuroscience: transcranial Doppler assessment of increased cerebral blood flow during iterative seizures","volume":"125","author":"Engrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00091","article-title":"Heterogeneity and diversity of striatal gabaergic interneurons: update 2018","volume":"12","author":"Tepper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.020","article-title":"Functional connectomic profile correlates with effective anterior thalamic stimulation for refractory epilepsy","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad117","article-title":"Structural disconnection relates to functional changes after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery","volume":"146","author":"Sainburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1739882\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:26:10Z","timestamp":1781497570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1739882\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1739882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1739882","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"article-number":"1739882"}}