{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1777633259951,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies suggest that cognitive remediation training (CRT) programs can help address neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and associated functional challenges in multiple populations. However, no such program has been developed for persons living with HIV in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this qualitative study, we aimed to describe how South African people living with HIV perceived and experienced the local adaptations of two US-designed CRT programs. We recruited 34 people living with HIV (27 women; age 30\u201350\u202fyears) from community healthcare clinics and a non-governmental organization. All had Xhosa as their home language, resided in low-income communities, and experienced at least mild NCI. Over a 5-week intervention period, participants completed ten 2-h Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART-SA) group sessions and 20 self-guided 30-min BrainHQ\n                      <jats:sup>\u00a9<\/jats:sup>\n                      sessions. Post-intervention, we hosted nine focus group discussions (3\u20135 participants each). We applied thematic analyses to the textual contents of those discussions, using decolonial community psychology frameworks (i.e., focusing on community needs and alternative approaches to researching historically marginalized groups, as well as on collaboration and community engagement through exchanges of culturally and socially relevant ideas).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most participants agreed the CRT programs were enjoyable, improved their mood, and assisted memory performance. They reported that the interventions helped address long-standing challenges (e.g., social exclusion, internalized stigma, and difficulty managing HIV). Many specified that the interventions helped improve self-care (e.g., via physical exercise and stress management techniques, and by ensuring medication adherence) and indicated a sense of increased agency and empowerment in a stigmatizing society. Moreover, they perceived the interactive, group-based aspects of the interventions as a source of social support. Participants described a collaborative learning space that extended into the community, and reported that they maintained friendships post-study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide support for using societal and cultural knowledge in creating effective community-based interventions. Using a collaborative approach to co-design the program offered participants opportunities to reflect on identity beyond the intervention and in relation to broader community positionality. This study highlights the value of including participants as co-contributors to the development of CRT programs that are linguistically, culturally, and situationally appropriate for LMIC contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06466642<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , NCT06466642.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1741135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:32:10Z","timestamp":1777437130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of cognitive remediation interventions for people living with HIV in South Africa: participant experiences of adapted CogSMART and BrainHQ\u00a9 programs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nawal","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town","place":["Rondebosch, South Africa"]},{"name":"The Graduate Center, Department of Clinical Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin G. F.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town","place":["Rondebosch, South Africa"]},{"name":"Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria","place":["Pretoria, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon","family":"Chernotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAIN Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town","place":["Rondebosch, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reuben N.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Twamley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego","place":["La Jolla, CA, United States"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System","place":["San Diego, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, AL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ntombizamantungwa","family":"Nyembezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAIN Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town","place":["Rondebosch, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zanele","family":"Nhlabatsi-Khumalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAIN Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town","place":["Rondebosch, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hetta","family":"Gouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRAIN Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town","place":["Rondebosch, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"UNAIDS Data 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03008-8","article-title":"The impact of antiretroviral therapy on neurocognitive outcomes among people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Michael","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","article-title":"Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","volume":"69","author":"Antinori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001102","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: A global perspective","volume":"23","author":"Saloner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010752","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)87515-4","article-title":"Neurocognitive disturbances in HIV, including HIV-associated dementia","volume":"42","author":"Grant","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318200d727","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER study","volume":"75","author":"Heaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu862","article-title":"Neurocognitive change in the era of HIV combination antiretroviral therapy: the longitudinal CHARTER study","volume":"60","author":"Heaton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290049615","article-title":"HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy","volume":"8","author":"Sacktor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701258423","article-title":"Neuropsychological test profile differences between young and old human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals","volume":"13","author":"Sacktor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0523-2","article-title":"Accelerated and accentuated neurocognitive aging in HIV infection","volume":"23","author":"Sheppard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0123-4","article-title":"HIV effects on age-associated neurocognitive dysfunction: premature cognitive aging or neurodegenerative disease?","volume":"7","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Res Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0743-x","article-title":"Successful cognitive aging and health-related quality of life in younger and older adults infected with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000134665.58343.8D","article-title":"Higher frequency of dementia in older HIV-1 individuals: the Hawaii aging with HIV-1 cohort","volume":"63","author":"Valcour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.05.002","article-title":"The impact of neuropsychological performance on everyday functioning between older and younger adults with and without HIV","volume":"24","author":"Vance","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0702-9","article-title":"The current understanding of overlap between characteristics of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00728-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of age-related HIV neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Mackiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcad231","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad231","article-title":"Depression and HIV: a scoping review in search of neuroimmune biomarkers","volume":"5","author":"Mudra Rakshasa-Loots","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01619-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in HIV-associated depression: evidence and future perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Mudra Rakshasa-Loots","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0530-4","article-title":"Depression in HIV infected patients: a review","volume":"17","author":"Nanni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.26.1.40","article-title":"Age-associated predictors of medication adherence in HIV-positive adults: health beliefs, self-efficacy, and neurocognitive status","volume":"26","author":"Barclay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31819431bd","article-title":"Aging, neurocognition, and medication adherence in HIV infection","volume":"17","author":"Ettenhofer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000038347.48137.67","article-title":"Medication adherence among HIV+ adults - effects of cognitive dysfunction and regimen complexity","volume":"59","author":"Hinkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9062-6","article-title":"Neurocognitive aspects of medication adherence in HIV-positive injecting drug users","volume":"10","author":"Waldrop-Valverde","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-010-0006-1","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors","volume":"17","author":"Heaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049608406658","article-title":"Nature and vocational significance of neuropsychological impairment associated with HIV infection","volume":"10","author":"Heaton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9095-0","article-title":"Functional consequences of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment","volume":"19","author":"Gorman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.1.110","article-title":"HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning","volume":"22","author":"Woods","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617717000431","article-title":"Household everyday functioning in the internet age: online shopping and banking skills are affected in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders","volume":"23","author":"Woods","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2010-1020","article-title":"Assessment of productivity performance in men with HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)","volume":"36","author":"Ranka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002160","article-title":"Work and home productivity of people living with HIV in Zambia and South Africa","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540290115027","article-title":"Neuropsychologic impairment in early HIV infection. A risk factor for work disability","volume":"52","author":"Albert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70269-X","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Clifford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10651.1","article-title":"Hiv-associated neurocognitive disorders: recent advances in pathogenesis, biomarkers, and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049936119838228","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936119838228","article-title":"Optimal treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: myths and reality. A critical review","volume":"6","author":"Bougea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.27","article-title":"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder \u2014 pathogenesis and prospects for treatment","volume":"12","author":"Saylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00306","article-title":"Evaluation of a cognitive rehabilitation protocol in HIV patients with associated neurocognitive disorders: efficacy and stability over time","volume":"9","author":"Livelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2022.101023","article-title":"Efficacy potential of goal management training to improve cognitive function in older people living with HIV","volume":"30","author":"Mayo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcae399","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae399","article-title":"Advances in assessment and cognitive neurorehabilitation of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.132166.1","article-title":"The cognitive remediation of attention in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Zondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00461","article-title":"Current status of cognitive remediation for psychiatric disorders: a review","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199395224.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognitive Remediation to Improve Functional Outcomes","author":"Medalia","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000030","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training for the neurocognitive complications of HIV infection: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Vance","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurse AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000076","article-title":"CogSMART compensatory cognitive training for traumatic brain injury: effects over 1 year","volume":"30","author":"Twamley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/18387357.2021.1981142","article-title":"Rehabilitation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a systematic scoping review of available interventions","volume":"20","author":"Nweke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Ment Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8125","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138125","article-title":"The HIV epidemic in South Africa: key findings from 2017 National Population-Based Survey","volume":"19","author":"Zuma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"2024 Global AIDS Report \u2014 The Urgency of Now: AIDS at a Crossroads","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1682\/jrrd.2013.01.0020","article-title":"Cognitive symptom management and rehabilitation therapy (CogSMART) for veterans with traumatic brain injury: pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Twamley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.78123","article-title":"Cognitive remediation training for people living with HIV in a low resource setting: a developmental study protocol","author":"Nhlabatsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Prepr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.01.005","article-title":"Speed of processing training with middle-age and older adults with HIV: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Vance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurs AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000167","article-title":"Community-based participatory research (CBPR): towards equitable involvement of community in psychology research","volume":"73","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22231","article-title":"A scoping review: the utility of participatory research approaches in psychology","volume":"47","author":"Levac","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12469","article-title":"The underutilization of community-based participatory research in psychology: A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Rodriguez Espinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5195\/jwsr.2016.609","article-title":"What is racism?","volume":"22","author":"Grosfoguel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J World Syst Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75201-9_1","volume-title":"Decolonial Enactments in Community Psychology","author":"Kessi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.35293\/srsa.v40i1.268","article-title":"The dynamics of epistemological decolonisation in the 21st century: towards epistemic freedom","volume":"40","author":"Ndlovu-Gatsheni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strateg Rev South Afr"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Black Skins, White Masks","author":"Fanon","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Introduction. Knowledge in Context: Representations, Community and Culture","author":"Jovchelovitch","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Critical Psychology","author":"van Vlaenderen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1606284","article-title":"Assessment of neurocognitive deficits in people living with HIV in sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Nyamayaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.7309\/jmtm.3.1.5","article-title":"A smartphone app to screen for HIV-related neurocognitive impairment","volume":"3","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mob Technol Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.8.966","article-title":"A new brief instrument for assessing decisional capacity for clinical research","volume":"64","author":"Jeste","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00962-8","article-title":"Translation method is validity evidence for construct equivalence: analysis of secondary data routinely collected during translations of the health literacy questionnaire (HLQ)","volume":"20","author":"Hawkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.12807\/ti.110202.2018.a07","article-title":"Back translation as a documentation tool","volume":"10","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Transl Interpreting Res"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo","author":"Jackson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Critical Psychology","author":"Gibson","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-019-00146-2","article-title":"Being well together: individual subjective and community wellbeing","volume":"21","author":"Atkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Happiness Stud"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/sub.2008.8","article-title":"Creating subjectivities","volume":"22","author":"Blackman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subjectivity"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2020.1781794","article-title":"An invitation to decoloniality in work on (African) men and masculinities","volume":"28","author":"Ratele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gender Place Culture"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"10","article-title":"Black consciousness and the quest for a true humanity","volume":"8","author":"Biko","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ufahamu"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20503121211036142","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211036142","article-title":"Quality of antiretroviral therapy services in Ghana: implications for the HIV response in resource-constrained settings","volume":"9","author":"Alhassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Medicine"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0348","article-title":"Patient-nominated, community-based HIV treatment supporters: patient perspectives, feasibility, challenges, and factors for success in HIV-infected South African adults","volume":"27","author":"Duwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.05.040","article-title":"HIV and AIDS, stigma and AIDS support groups: perspectives from women living with HIV and AIDS in Central Thailand","volume":"69","author":"Liamputtong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020636","article-title":"HIV stigma and moral judgement: qualitative exploration of the experiences of HIV stigma and discrimination among married men living with HIV in Yogyakarta","volume":"17","author":"Mahamboro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1451-5","article-title":"How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Turan","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/1089268020974588","article-title":"Teaching community psychology decolonially: a pedagogical journey","volume":"25","author":"Terre Blanche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561175","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1561175","article-title":"Decolonising research methodologies: lessons from a qualitative research project, Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Keikelame","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.01.008","article-title":"Confronting racism in all forms of pain research: A shared commitment for engagement, diversity, and dissemination","volume":"23","author":"Hood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-022-00527-w","article-title":"HIV related stigma associated with social support, alcohol use disorders, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Armoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S129992","article-title":"The social stigma of HIV\u2013AIDS: society\u2019s role","volume":"9","author":"Kontomanolis","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV AIDS Res Palliat Care"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"22","article-title":"The power of unity: collective efforts in confronting HIV stigma","volume":"2","author":"Obeagu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elite J Public Health"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"8","article-title":"Unmasking the truth: addressing stigma in the fight against HIV","volume":"2","author":"Obeagu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elite J Public Health"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18636","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18636","article-title":"Resisting and challenging stigma in Uganda: the role of support groups of people living with HIV","volume":"16","author":"Mburu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794112468475","article-title":"Now i see it, now i don\u2019t: researcher\u2019s position and reflexivity in qualitative research","volume":"15","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Res"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.943916","article-title":"Effects of information processing speed on learning, memory, and executive functioning in people living with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"36","author":"Fellows","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.5.789","article-title":"Depressive and anxiety disorders in women with HIV infection","volume":"159","author":"Morrison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1741135\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:32:28Z","timestamp":1777437148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1741135\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1741135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1741135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"article-number":"1741135"}}