{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:38:52Z","timestamp":1772779132093,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003650","name":"National Rehabilitation Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke is a significant cause of disability worldwide, often resulting in persistent upper-limb dysfunction. Robot-assisted therapy has emerged as an effective rehabilitation strategy by enabling intensive, repetitive, and task-specific training. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of resistance- versus assistance-based robotic interventions on brain activation and motor recovery in patients with stroke, as these effects remain insufficiently understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-five adults with hemiparetic stroke were randomized to a resistance-based robot training group (RTG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f13) or assistance-based robot training group (ATG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f12). Interventions were delivered using the InMotion 2.0 for 30\u202fmin per session, five sessions\/week over 4\u202fweeks. Brain activation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), motor function using the Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment for the Upper Limb (FM-UL) and kinematic indices from InMotion 2.0, and activities of daily living using the Motor Activity Log (MAL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prefrontal activation decreased from pre- to post-intervention in both groups. In the ipsilesional hemispheres, differences between groups were significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). In the resistance training group, additional improvements were found in mean velocity, circle size, and movement independence (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Both groups showed significant gains in FM-UL and ADL performance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), with no significant between-group differences in these measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resistance-based robotic training was associated with greater motor improvements in kinematic smoothness, and larger reductions in prefrontal activation within ipsilesional hemispheres compared with assistance-based training. These findings suggest differences in prefrontal activation patterns accompanied by improvements in kinematic movement smoothness in stroke survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/cris.nih.go.kr<\/jats:uri>\n                      , (Registration Number: KCT0011076).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1756167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1772775059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effects of resistance- and assistance-based robot training on brain activation and motor recovery in stroke patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Il-Ho","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Daejeon University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won-Seob","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Medical Science, Daejeon University","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.007001005.x","article-title":"Acute neurological stroke care in Europe: results of the European stroke care inventory","volume":"7","author":"Brainin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"e46","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142010 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume-title":"Circulation","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221100510","article-title":"Impairments in cognitive control using a reverse visually guided reaching task following stroke","volume":"36","author":"Lowrey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.3.361","article-title":"Stroke incidence, case fatality, and mortality in the WHO Monica project. 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