{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:07:30Z","timestamp":1789459650282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abdominal migraine (AM) is an episodic syndrome characterized by recurrent, self-limiting episodes of abdominal pain with autonomic features, now recognized to affect both children and adults according to ICHD-3 criteria. Its diagnosis is clinical and requires the exclusion of organic gastrointestinal or renal diseases, yet no standardized treatment exists, leading to therapeutic approaches often adapted from migraine management. Challenges in diagnosis, due to difficulties in symptom description by children and cognitive biases in adults, frequently result in underdiagnosis, repeated consultations, and diminished quality of life. This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and outcomes of AM in pediatric and adult patients based on a large case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Major databases were searched from inception to June 2025 for case reports and clinical studies on AM. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes were extracted and analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 662 patients (629 children, 33 adults) from 63 studies. The female-to-male ratio was 1.6:1. The median age at onset was 4.2\u202fyears in children and 31.0\u202fyears in adults, with diagnostic delays of 3.1 and 4.0\u202fyears, respectively. Among cases with specific data, periumbilical pain was reported in 43.3% (of 223), while nausea (66.1%), vomiting (53.6%), and headache (47.1%) were common in a cohort of 448 cases. Photophobia, pallor, and anorexia were also frequently observed. Triptans showed the highest acute efficacy (98.04%, 50\/51), versus 62.5% (5\/8) for NSAIDs. Prophylactics were highly effective: anticonvulsants (95.0%, 19\/20), beta-blockers (100%, 12\/12), and antihistamines (92.8%, 64\/69). These exceptional rates likely reflect reporting bias and require prospective validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AM presents with significant clinical heterogeneity but shares core features with migraine disorders. Early diagnosis and management, potentially incorporating agents used in migraine (such as triptans and prophylactics) based on preliminary evidence, may improve outcomes, though this requires confirmation in controlled studies. Increased awareness of non-gastrointestinal symptoms and migraine history is essential for accurate diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1760307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1769700815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical features of abdominal migraine: a systematic review and summary of data from 662 patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanlu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Graduate School of North China University of Science and Technology","place":["Tangshan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features and Rome IV","volume":"150","author":"Drossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i21.3915","article-title":"Epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Boronat","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2019.73.4.207","article-title":"Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in school children and adolescents","volume":"73","author":"Peralta-Palmezano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1922.02640540032009","article-title":"Abdominal migraine","volume":"78","author":"Brams","year":"1922","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"65","article-title":"Classification and diagnostic criteria for primary headache disorders (ad hoc committee IHS, 1988)","volume":"4","author":"Nappi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2003.00824.x","article-title":"The international classification of headache disorders: 2nd edition","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"881","article-title":"Chinese headache guideline (2022 edition)","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Pain Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1975.hed1502122.x","article-title":"Abdominal migraine-diagnosis and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Lundberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"395","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in adults","volume":"32","author":"Pryszmont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01129.x","article-title":"Adult abdominal migraine: a new syndrome or sporadic feature of migraine headache? A case report","volume":"13","author":"Onofrio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01126.x","article-title":"Rebound abdominal pain: noncephalic pain in abdominal migraine is exacerbated by medication overuse","volume":"48","author":"Newman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-2","article-title":"A migraine variant with abdominal colic and Alice in wonderland syndrome: a case report and review","volume":"10","author":"Hamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.06.008","article-title":"Abdominal migraine, another cause of abdominal pain in adults","volume":"125","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.04.009","article-title":"Managing migraine and other headache syndromes in those over 50","volume":"76","author":"Dees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12124","article-title":"Cyclic vomiting syndrome and abdominal migraine in adults and children","volume":"53","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R620","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in adults: a review of pharmacotherapeutic options","volume":"47","author":"Woodruff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"44","article-title":"Attacks of abdominal pain can be abdominal migraine","volume":"177","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-013-1625-0","article-title":"Temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity and abdominal migraine","volume":"35","author":"Kakisaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.12.066","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain","volume":"33","author":"Cervellin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6626","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in a middle-aged woman","volume":"55","author":"Kunishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"99","article-title":"Adult abdominal pain; a rare cause of migraine disorders: case report","volume":"4","author":"Karimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Reports Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"41","article-title":"A case report: adult abdominal migraine","volume":"1","author":"Tamagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Japan Soc Pain Clin"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.36076\/pmcr.2019\/3\/37","article-title":"Adult abdominal migraine presenting with abdominal myofascial pain syndrome: case report","volume":"3","author":"Bhavesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intervent Pain Manage Rep"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1037","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000596928.56332.12","article-title":"Chronic periumbilical abdominal pain: abdominal migraine in an adult","volume":"114","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1038","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000596936.41084.58","article-title":"The ever-mysterious cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS) and abdominal migraine: recognition and successful management strategies illustrated by a case report","volume":"114","author":"Yuridullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2891","article-title":"Fifty-eight-year-old female with abdominal migraine: a rare cause of episodic gastrointestinal disturbance in adults","volume":"8","author":"Karmali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1159\/000519126","article-title":"Adult abdominal migraine improved by onabotulinumtoxinA injections","volume":"13","author":"Hermanowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2021.08.005","article-title":"Abdominal migraine, unusual cause of chronic abdominal pain in adults","volume":"45","author":"von Muhlenbrock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroent Hepatol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20211117-00824","article-title":"An adult case of abdominal migraine manifested mainly as cyclic abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting","volume":"61","author":"Diao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"381","article-title":"Adult abdominal migraine: a case report and literature review","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Pain Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn113694-20200625-00476","article-title":"Adult abdominal migraine: a case report and literature review","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78270","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.78270","article-title":"The potential link between abdominal migraine and chronic apical periodontitis: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Sakai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.31080\/ascr.2024.05.0529","article-title":"Unveiling the enigma: abdominal migraine in adults - a case report and discussion","author":"Hazzouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Sci Cas Rep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25158163251341303","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs efficiently treat abdominal migraine\u2014a case report","volume":"8","author":"Baskaran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Rep"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199901000-00010","article-title":"Abdominal migraine: prophylactic treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Worawattanakul","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36451","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.36451","article-title":"Abdominal migraines: a rare adulthood manifestation of a typical childhood disease","volume":"15","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01484","DOI":"10.1213\/XAA.0000000000001484","article-title":"Prevention of perioperative abdominal migraine in a patient undergoing spinal fusion: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Monteferrante","year":"2021","journal-title":"A&A Pract"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"34","article-title":"HU Siyuan's experience in treating pediatric abdominal migraine from the perspective of liver and spleen","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jiangxi J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"243","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of pediatric abdominal migraine in a general urban clinic","volume":"51","author":"Ye","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foreign Med Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.47.4.353","article-title":"Abdominal migraine and treatment with intravenous valproic acid","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1951.tb74528.x","article-title":"Abdominal migraine; report of a case","volume":"2","author":"Piper","year":"1951","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.221.49","article-title":"Abdominal migraine associated with ecchymosis of the legs and buttocks: does the symptom imply an unknown mechanism of migraine?","volume":"221","author":"Kakisaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2001.tb07427.x","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in children with Neurofibromatosis type 1: a case series and review of gastrointestinal involvement in NF1","volume":"33","author":"Heuschkel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0435-2","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in children: association between gastric motility parameters and clinical characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Devanarayana","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2011.06.007","article-title":"Abdominal migraine in children: is it all in their heads?","volume":"8","author":"Catala-Beauchamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nurse Pract"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8703","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.8703","article-title":"Abdominal migraine with acute watery diarrhea and dehydration: successful treatment with valproic acid in a pediatric case","volume":"12","author":"Amin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01855.x","article-title":"Abdominal migraine: an under-diagnosed cause of recurrent abdominal pain in children","volume":"51","author":"Carson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.32641\/rchped.v91i1.1250","article-title":"Abdominal migraines: variations in diagnosis and care between pediatric gastroenterologists and neurologists","volume":"91","author":"Hawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Chil Pediatr"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"665","article-title":"Abdominal pain of cerebral origin in children","volume":"78","author":"Prichard","year":"1958","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182296033","article-title":"Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents: prevalence, symptomatology, and association with emotional stress","volume":"53","author":"Devanarayana","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.14740\/gr627w","article-title":"Abdominal pain-predominant functional gastrointestinal disorders in Jordanian school children","volume":"7","author":"Altamimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjam.2020.08.001","article-title":"Case for abdominal migraine in child patient treated by acupuncture","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Acupunct-Mox"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-S1-P4","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of abdominal migraine and risk factors for developing migraine later in childhood","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11629.x","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of childhood abdominal migraine in an urban general practice","volume":"35","author":"Mortimer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1993.1302138.x","article-title":"Current controversies--abdominal migraine","volume":"13","author":"Abu-Arafeh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809336875","article-title":"Efficacy of sumatriptan in two pediatric cases with abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders: does the mechanism overlap that of migraine?","volume":"25","author":"Kakisaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2019.01613","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of probiotics in pediatrics with recurrent abdominal pain","volume":"63","author":"Rahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-024-05087-0","article-title":"Fluoxetine for the treatment of abdominal migraine","volume":"91","author":"Daga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1682-5","article-title":"Functional abdominal pain disorders in adolescents in Indonesia and their association with family related stress","volume":"19","author":"Oswari","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"29","article-title":"Index of suspicion. Case 2. Abdominal migraines","volume":"20","author":"Barron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.1992.00345.x","article-title":"Is there a place for \"abdominal migraine\" as a separate entity in the IHS classification? Yes!","volume":"12","author":"Symon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813504459","article-title":"Migraine equivalents in childhood","volume":"29","author":"Teixeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00416-7","article-title":"Pediatric migraine equivalents: occurrence and clinical features in practice","volume":"26","author":"Al-Twaijri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13005","article-title":"Prevalence of abdominal migraine and recurrent abdominal pain in a Japanese clinic","volume":"58","author":"Hikita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2022.25.2.121","article-title":"Prophylactic therapy response in children with abdominal migraine: a single Centre experience in Oman","volume":"25","author":"Al Lawati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2009.11.003","article-title":"Recognizing and diagnosing abdominal migraines","volume":"24","author":"Popovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2015038","article-title":"Recurrent abdominal pain in children: a clinical approach","volume":"56","author":"Quak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.18521\/ktd.452016","article-title":"Unusual primary headaches of children and adolescents: practical tips for physicians","volume":"12","author":"\u00d6ks\u00fcz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Konuralp T\u0131p Dergisi"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1990.hed3010642.x","article-title":"The VER as a diagnostic marker for childhood abdominal migraine","volume":"30","author":"Mortimer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","author":"Murad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.72.5.413","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of abdominal migraine compared with those of migraine headache","volume":"72","author":"Abu-Arafeh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.035","article-title":"Rome IV-functional GI disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction","volume":"150","author":"Drossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k179","article-title":"Abdominal migraine","volume":"360","author":"Angus-Leppan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.06.016","article-title":"Childhood periodic syndromes: a population-based study","volume":"43","author":"Arruda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30038-3","article-title":"Association between functional gastrointestinal disorders and migraine in children and adolescents: a case-control study","volume":"1","author":"Le Gal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01076.x","article-title":"Prevalence of unexplained upper abdominal symptoms in patients with migraine","volume":"26","author":"Kurth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb00964.x","article-title":"Abdominal migraine: a cause of abdominal pain in adults?","volume":"7","author":"Long","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(10)60335-6","article-title":"509 relationship of functional gastrointestinal disorders and headaches in prospective cohort study","volume":"138","author":"Rippel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01526_1.x","article-title":"The functional recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) in children may be the precursor of adult migraine","volume":"28","author":"Marug\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.071","article-title":"Migraine affects 1 in 10 people worldwide featuring recent rise: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies involving 6 million participants","volume":"372","author":"Woldeamanuel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0816-0","article-title":"Headache and pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Negro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00148581-200204010-00001","article-title":"Abdominal migraine: evidence for existence and treatment options","volume":"4","author":"Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Drugs"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v2.i4.75","article-title":"Abdominal migraine reviewed from both central and peripheral aspects","volume":"2","author":"Kakisaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Exp Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1760307\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:26:44Z","timestamp":1771925204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1760307\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1760307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1760307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"article-number":"1760307"}}