{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:57:16Z","timestamp":1772632636791,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), identification of early -stage subgroups with shared non-motor symptom (NMS) profiles may clarify its pathophysiology. This study used latent-profile analyses (LPA) to define subgroups based on sleep disturbances, cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and examined dopaminergic function and brain volume differences between them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed data from 51 cognitively normal non-PD older adults and 105 early-stage PD participants from the iPARK trial, including 19 who underwent [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]-raclopride PET\/MR. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the short version of the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire and a battery of neuropsychological tests. LPA were used in PD to identify subgroups based on NMS profiles, which were then characterized and examined in relation to dopaminergic integrity and brain morphology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LPA identified a two-cluster solution as the best fit. Group 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f49) showed poorer working memory, executive function and processing speed along with greater daytime sleepiness, depression and anxiety. Group 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f56) exhibited less affected cognitive function and minimal NMS. Groups were similar in demographics, disease duration, motor symptom severity and medication, but differed on UPDRS-1 NMS. Group 1 demonstrated significantly reduced [\n                      <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]-raclopride binding potential compared to Group 2 in the left putamen at both ROI- and voxel-wise analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate clinically distinct subgroups in early-stage PD. Greater NMS burden is linked to impaired dopaminergic integrity, suggesting a potential neurobiological signature. Early identification of such subgroups may improve understanding of disease heterogeneity and support personalized management and interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03680170?id=NCT03680170&amp;amp;rank=1<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier (NCT03680170).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1765246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:04:00Z","timestamp":1772607840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Latent-profile analysis of sleep disturbances, cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms reveals subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lyna Mariam","family":"El Haffaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena Eriksson","family":"Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Ronat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oury","family":"Monchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de G\u00e9riatrie de Montr\u00e9al","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lois","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl-Johan","family":"Boraxbekk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Forsgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Nyberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI) Lab, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Stigsdotter","family":"Neely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","place":["Lule\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarkko","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI) Lab, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Ume\u00e5 University","place":["Ume\u00e5, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.91","article-title":"Non-motor features of Parkinson 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