{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T20:18:14Z","timestamp":1786393094361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Exposure to environmental fine particulate matter (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), ultrafine PM (UFPM) and nanoparticles (NPs) are associated with accumulation of amyloid-\u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>1\u201342<\/jats:sub>\n                    peptides, phosphorylated-Tau, alpha-synuclein and transactive response DNA binding-protein-43 misfolded aberrant proteins, consistent with the biological definitions of overlapping Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 99% of \u226440-year-old Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) forensic autopsies. Structural and volumetric brain responses\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    are critical in young MMC residents. We performed volumetric and whole-brain correlation analyses in 75 healthy volunteers: 45 MMC 31.2 \u00b1 14.7 y old and 30 low-pollution 31.8 \u00b1 4.8 y old controls, matched by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, nutrition, and BMI. MMC residents exhibited fronto-parietal and temporal lobes, precentral gyrus, hippocampi, basal ganglia, thalamus, amygdala and cerebellar atrophy. The most common atrophy pattern was\n                    <jats:italic>cortical<\/jats:italic>\n                    first parietal and fronto-parietal lobes, combined with gray matter (GM) atrophy in cerebellar lobules IV and V left and right III, IV and V and VI.MMC participants had mild cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment Score 22.8 \u00b1 3.2). GM atrophy involving right globus pallidus and pulvinar and cerebellar white matter (WM) bilaterally were associated with lower cognitive performance and high BMI to subiculum, posterior orbital gyrus and insula, inferior temporal gyrus, supplementary motor cortex, and cuneus WM atrophy. PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure and BMI appear to play key roles in early neurodegenerative disease biology and may contribute to adverse effects on academic and occupational performance, neuropsychiatric disorders, behavioral regulation, risk of substance use initiation, and psychopathy. Neuroradiologists across the world need to know cortical and subcortical, including extensive hippocampal, stratium and cerebellar atrophy identifies overlapping patterns of regional atrophy associated with MCI, AD, bvFTD, PD and ALS, in young urbanites. There is an urgent need for early pediatric neuroprevention interventions, non-invasive AD, PD and TDP-43 biomarkers, in-depth characterization of emission pollutants exposures and their effective control. Denial is no longer an option.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1772916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:57:45Z","timestamp":1774367865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar atrophy and cognition deficits in Metropolitan Mexico City teens and young adults exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) - neurodegeneration is in progress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lilian","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Montana","place":["Missoula, MT, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Hospital HMG, Coyoac\u00e1n","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina I.","family":"Galaz-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, and Program in Genetics","place":["Phoenix, AZ, United States"]},{"name":"Genetics, GIDP PhD Program","place":["Tucson, AZ, United States"]},{"name":"Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Phoenix, AZ, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean A. P.","family":"Clouston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University","place":["Stony Brook, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Vincenzo","family":"Aiello-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Otorrinolaringolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Amaro de Gante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Hospital HMG, Coyoac\u00e1n","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elijah W.","family":"Stommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center","place":["Lebanon, NH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Torres-Jard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y Cambio Clim\u00e1tico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozkan Ufuk","family":"Nalbantoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University","place":["\u0130zmir, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117044","article-title":"Particle exposure and inhaled dose while commuting by public transport in Mexico City","volume":"219","author":"Velasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2019.09.017","article-title":"Nanoparticle size distributions in Mexico City","volume":"11","author":"Caudillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9795","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04681-z","article-title":"Street dust pollution by heavy metals: a geographically weighted regression approach in M\u00e9xico City","volume":"20","author":"Bautista-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117747","article-title":"Changes in ozone production and VOC reactivity in the atmosphere of the Mexico City metropolitan area","volume":"238","author":"Zavala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Diagnosis of Current Knowledge of the Scientific Bases for Air Quality Management in the Megalopolis","author":"Molina","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.03.023","article-title":"Hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are evolving relentlessly in metropolitan Mexico City infants, children and young adults. 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