{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:31:04Z","timestamp":1786336264126,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The flash visual evoked potential P2 component (FVEP-P2) has been investigated as a potential neurophysiological measure of cognitive impairment, but its biological and clinical significance remains uncertain. However, evidence remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively synthesize evidence on FVEP-P2 latency alterations across the cognitive impairment continuum, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and major neurocognitive disorders (dementia).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until July 28, 2025. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) for FVEP-P2 latency were pooled from 21 studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1,778) using a random-effects model to compare AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and VaD groups against healthy controls (HC). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses explored heterogeneity sources.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-one studies involving 1,778 participants were included. FVEP-P2 latency was significantly prolonged in patients with AD compared with healthy controls (18 comparisons, SMD\u202f=\u202f1.55, 95% CI 1.05\u20132.05, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f88.9%). Exploratory analyses also suggested prolonged latency in VaD (four comparisons; SMD\u202f=\u202f1.44, 95% CI 0.35\u20132.53; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f92.2%), MCI (two comparisons; SMD\u202f=\u202f1.50, 95% CI 0.26\u20132.74; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f53.8%), and PDD (one comparison; SMD\u202f=\u202f1.44, 95% CI 0.63\u20132.25). In a restricted exploratory analysis excluding six selected AD comparisons, the association remained statistically significant and directionally consistent (SMD\u202f=\u202f1.32, 95% CI 0.83\u20131.82; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f84%). The \u2265 75-year subgroup showed lower heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f41%), although differences between age subgroups were not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.56). Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger\u2019s test suggested potential small-study effects in the AD analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged FVEP-P2 latency was observed in AD, with preliminary findings suggesting similar alterations in other forms or stages of cognitive impairment. These findings do not establish a specific neurobiological mechanism or diagnostic role. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological basis and clinical value of FVEP-P2 latency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1772949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:23:00Z","timestamp":1786335780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flash VEP-P2 latency delay in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sumeng","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huai\u2019an No. 3 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Huai\u2019an Second Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huai\u2019an No. 3 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Huai\u2019an Second Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangdong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huai\u2019an No. 3 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Huai\u2019an Second Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huai\u2019an No. 3 People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Huai\u2019an Second Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University","place":["Huai\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e661","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30185-7","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016","article-title":"2023 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Dementia","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.012","article-title":"The flash visual evoked potential-P2 and the detection of amnestic mild 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