{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:33:49Z","timestamp":1782311629566,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vestibular disorders, particularly M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease, represent significant neurological conditions affecting balance, spatial orientation, and quality of life. While endolymphatic hydrops is recognized as the pathological hallmark of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease, the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and vestibular pathology remains incompletely understood. Clinical observations suggest associations between hypothyroidism and vestibular symptoms, yet experimental evidence demonstrating causality is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether surgically-induced hypothyroidism causes endolymphatic hydrops development in an experimental rat model and to characterize the histopathological changes in vestibular structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated to total thyroidectomy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f4), sham surgery (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f4), and control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f4) groups. Thyroid function was assessed via serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) measurements at baseline and postoperative day 15. Animals were euthanized at 28\u202fdays post-surgery for comprehensive histopathological examination of temporal bones. Endolymphatic hydrops was evaluated using standardized semiquantitative scoring systems for Reissner\u2019s membrane, vestibular structures, stria vascularis, and utricular macula.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thyroidectomized rats developed significant biochemical hypothyroidism with elevated TSH (mean difference: 0.378 \u03bcIU\/mL, 95% CI: 0.183\u20130.573,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.021) and decreased T4 levels (mean difference: \u22122.357\u202fpmol\/L, 95% CI: \u22123.521 to \u22121.193,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.021). Histopathological examination revealed universal development of endolymphatic hydrops in all thyroidectomized animals (100% vs. 0% in controls,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), affecting Reissner\u2019s membrane, vestibular apparatus, stria vascularis, and utricular macula with varying severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first direct experimental evidence that thyroid hormone deficiency induces endolymphatic hydrops in all examined vestibular structures. These findings establish a mechanistic link between hypothyroidism and vestibular pathology, with important implications for the neurological evaluation and management of patients presenting with vestibular symptoms and comorbid thyroid dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1774666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:22:11Z","timestamp":1770355331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thyroid hormone deficiency induces endolymphatic hydrops: neurological and histopathological evidence from an experimental rat model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gizem Meral","family":"Kantarci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Umraniye Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap Sahin","family":"Onder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acibadem Atasehir Hospital","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif Gelenli","family":"Dolanbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medeniyet Universitesi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Surmeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acibadem Atasehir Hospital","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eray Metin","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Haydarpasa Numune Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hacer Inan","family":"Gungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Medeniyet Universitesi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asli Sahin","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Umraniye Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125555","article-title":"Vestibular system: the many facets of a multimodal sense","volume":"31","author":"Angelaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988910000102","article-title":"Natural history vs. surgery for Meniere\u2019s disease","volume":"100","author":"Silverstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)32313-6","article-title":"The old and new in Meniere\u2019s disease - over 60 years in retrospect and a look to the future","volume":"13","author":"Portmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-150549","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Lopez-Escamez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820909438","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: M\u00e9ni\u00e8re\u2019s disease","volume":"162","author":"Basura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2010.05.007","article-title":"Endolymphatic hydrops: pathophysiology and experimental models","volume":"43","author":"Salt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7874\/jao.2020.00115","article-title":"Experimental animal models for Meniere\u2019s disease: a mini review","volume":"24","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Audiol Otol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000274693","article-title":"Membranous hydrops in the inner ear of the guinea pig after obliteration of the endolymphatic sac","volume":"27","author":"Kimura","year":"1965","journal-title":"Pract. 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