{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1780639233736,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spasticity is the most frequent motor disorder in cerebral palsy (CP). Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) has emerged as an effective, non-invasive, and well-tolerated alternative for the management of clinical manifestations of spasticity in patients with CP. Despite the variability in administration protocols, no study has evaluated whether extending the time interval between sessions allows prolongation of the therapeutic benefit on these clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were randomly assigned to three groups. The control group received three rESWT sessions with a one-week interval between sessions, experimental group 1 received three rESWT sessions with a two-week interval between sessions, and experimental group 2 received three rESWT sessions with a four-week interval between sessions. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in changes in stretch angles of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, assessed using the Modified Tardieu Scale. Secondary outcomes were the functional response in overall mobility assessed with the Timed Up and Go Test and improvement in gait assessed with the 10-Meter Walk Test. Outcomes were assessed in all study groups immediately before the first rESWT session and at 3, 5, 9, 12, and 24\u202fweeks from the start of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy-one patients completed the intervention. In all groups, a significant improvement in passive range of motion and in the catch angle of the triceps surae muscle was observed between baseline and the end of follow-up (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), with no significant differences between groups and no significant group\u2013time interaction. Age was significantly associated with treatment response, with greater effectiveness observed in younger patients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Regarding secondary outcomes, all groups showed statistically significant improvements in functional tests; however, no differences were found between groups and no significant group\u2013time interaction was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although no significant differences were observed between treatment groups and increasing the time interval between sessions was not associated with a prolongation of the therapeutic effect, all groups showed a statistically significant improvement compared with baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that, from a clinical perspective, rESWT application may allow a degree of flexibility, enabling adjustment of the intersession interval according to clinical needs and patient availability without compromising the observed therapeutic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , Identifier: NCT05702606.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1775659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:07:37Z","timestamp":1780636057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial with different time intervals between sessions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"M\u00edriam","family":"Tur Segura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Research Commission, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Morral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Gimeno Esteve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Biedermann Villagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Research Commission, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mangas Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Ancosta Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Research Commission, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Garc\u00eda Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Research Commission, Fundaci\u00f3 Aspace Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimon","family":"Mil\u00e0 Villarroel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"8","article-title":"A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 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