{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:25:21Z","timestamp":1777861521380,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a cascade of primary and secondary pathological events that culminate in the formation of glial and fibrotic scars, which constitute a major barrier to axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Emerging evidence highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a central driver of this process. Mitochondria are essential for sustaining ATP production, maintaining redox balance, and regulating calcium homeostasis. Following SCI, direct mechanical disruption, oxidative stress, and calcium overload impair mitochondrial integrity, leading to energy metabolism collapse, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and disrupted mitochondrial dynamics. These alterations promote reactive gliosis, fibroblast activation, and maladaptive extracellular matrix deposition. Furthermore, defective mitophagy amplifies neuroinflammation and glial scar consolidation through the PINK1\/Parkin and BNIP3\/NIX pathways. Recent advances in mitochondrial-targeted therapies\u2014including antioxidants (MitoQ, SS-31), metabolic modulators (AMPK agonists, NAD\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    precursors), and strategies enhancing fusion or mitophagy\u2014have demonstrated promising results in reducing scar formation and promoting neural repair. In addition, cutting-edge approaches such as mitochondrial transplantation, stem cell-derived mitochondrial transfer, and CRISPR-based mitochondrial gene editing provide new opportunities for restoring mitochondrial homeostasis. This review summarizes the multifaceted roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in SCI-induced scar formation and discusses novel therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics to enhance neural regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1782114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1777522896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on scar formation after spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengxin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]},{"name":"Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102598","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of spinal cord injury from 1990 to 2021 and projections for 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease 2021 study","volume":"103","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.40.2(ICON).8966","article-title":"Effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation machine in managing neurological diseases - a retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"Naz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517871","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1517871","article-title":"Analysis and comparison of the trends in burden of spinal cord injury in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0512","article-title":"Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans revisited: its mechanism of generation and action for spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533025","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1533025","article-title":"Unveiling the effects of Rosa canina oligosaccharide liposome on neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction following spinal cord injury in rats: relevance to its antioxidative effects","volume":"16","author":"Ahmadpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03888-4","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in neuroprotection: brain and spinal cord injury focus","volume":"398","author":"Faysal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06487-7","article-title":"Metformin's therapeutic potential in spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis on locomotor recovery, neuropathic pain alleviation, and modulation of secondary injury mechanisms","volume":"167","author":"Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115226","article-title":"Lack of effects of Resolvin D1 after spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"388","author":"Francos-Quijorna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8551","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-04794-9","article-title":"Thoracic spinal cord contusion impacts on lumbar enlargement: molecular insights","volume":"62","author":"Kabdesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4785","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c15770","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of neural stem cells by chiral nanofiber for spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2023.01.009","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in neuroprotection and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"69","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.05.011","article-title":"It is time to remove the stigma from glial scars: re: lentivirus-mediated silencing of the CTGF gene suppresses the formation of glial scar tissue in a rat model of spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Bartanusz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14787","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14787","article-title":"The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Moeendarbary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12951","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12951","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of acute traumatic spinal cord injury-related RNA expression profiles and uncovering of a regulatory axis in spinal fibrotic scars","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13641","article-title":"EphB2 knockdown decreases the formation of astroglial-fibrotic scars to promote nerve regeneration after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2019.06.038","article-title":"Precisely control mitochondria with light to manipulate cell fate decision","volume":"117","author":"Ernst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300086","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202300086","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation and action mechanism study of new mitochondria-targeted curcumin derivative as potential antitumor drugs","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549704","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3549704","article-title":"Salidroside ameliorates mitochondria-dependent neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury partially through inhibiting oxidative stress and promoting mitophagy","volume":"2020","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03710-3","article-title":"Spinal cord injury model mitochondria connect altered function with defects of mitochondrion morphology: an ultrastructural study","volume":"61","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113597","article-title":"Mitochondria exert age-divergent effects on recovery from spinal cord injury","volume":"337","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.301016","article-title":"Are mitochondria the key to reduce the age-dependent decline in axon growth after spinal cord injury?","volume":"16","author":"Sutherland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"457","article-title":"Mechanism and prospects of mitochondrial transplantation for spinal cord injury treatment","volume-title":"Stem cell research & therapy","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"e70028","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing integrated with bulk RNA sequencing analysis reveals the protective effects of lactate-mediated lactylation of microglia-related proteins on spinal cord injury","volume-title":"CNS neuroscience & therapeutics","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111407","article-title":"Resveratrol loaded microglia-derived exosomes attenuate astrogliasis by restoring mitochondrial function to reduce spinal cord injury","volume":"408","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00612","article-title":"Acid neutralization by composite lysine nanoparticles for spinal cord injury recovery through mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02594-2","article-title":"Neuroimmune modulating and energy supporting nanozyme-mimic scaffold synergistically promotes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02610-5","article-title":"Repair spinal cord injury with a versatile anti-oxidant and neural regenerative nanoplatform","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3846","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02000-6","article-title":"Induction of BIS protein during astroglial and fibrotic scar formation after mitochondrial toxin-mediated neuronal injury in rats","volume":"57","author":"Riew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650038","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.650038","article-title":"Mitochondrial behavior in axon degeneration and regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2024.81531.17649","article-title":"Pre- and post-traumatic boric acid therapy prevents oxidative stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord injury","volume":"28","author":"Kandemir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.109071","article-title":"Activation of FANCC attenuates mitochondrial ROS-driven necroptosis by targeting TBK1-dependent mitophagy in astrocytes after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.12.019","article-title":"Depleted histone deacetylase 3 or restored microRNA-19b-1-5p facilitates recovery of spinal cord injury via inactivating JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"114","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-022-00816-4","article-title":"FANCC deficiency mediates microglial pyroptosis and secondary neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord contusion","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2306780","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306780","article-title":"Ligand-screened cerium-based MOF microcapsules promote nerve regeneration via mitochondrial energy supply","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201021666200416130253","article-title":"Current trend and pro-survival approaches for augmenting stem cell viability","volume":"21","author":"Shende","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.026","article-title":"HIV coinfection exacerbates HBV-induced liver fibrogenesis through a HIF-1\u03b1- and TGF-\u03b21-dependent pathway","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111075","article-title":"Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission promotes pulmonary fibrosis progression through the regulation of lipid metabolic reprogramming by ROS\/HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"117","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101932","article-title":"Exosomal miR-155 from M1-polarized macrophages promotes EndoMT and impairs mitochondrial function via activating NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in vascular endothelial cells after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.10.016","article-title":"Targeted transplantation of engineered mitochondrial compound promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury by enhancing macrophage phagocytosis","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04659-7","article-title":"Rutin attenuates distraction spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglial inflammation through downregulation of P38 MAPK\/NF-kappaB\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"62","author":"Hai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2025.01.003","article-title":"ISRIB facilitates post-spinal cord injury recovery through attenuation of neuronal apoptosis and modulation of neuroinflammation","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578535","article-title":"Calycosin regulates astrocyte reactivity and astrogliosis after spinal cord injury by targeting STAT3 phosphorylation","volume":"400","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2025.110293","article-title":"DANCR knockdown alleviates neuroinflammation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury via regulating the ACTN4 \/ STAT3 axis","volume":"765","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-023-00781-4","article-title":"NT-3 combined with TGF-beta signaling pathway enhance the repair of spinal cord injury by inhibiting glial scar formation and promoting axonal regeneration","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2024.137890","article-title":"Low frequency of repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice through inhibiting TGF-beta1\/Smad2\/3 signaling pathway","volume":"836","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"76","article-title":"Mitochondrial mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders","volume-title":"Cell & bioscience","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01589-8","article-title":"Sodium butyrate alleviates spinal cord injury via inhibition of NLRP3\/Caspase-1\/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"40","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115059","article-title":"Mechanism of effect and therapeutic potential of NLRP3 inflammasome in spinal cord injury","volume":"384","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114401","article-title":"Kanglexin attenuates spinal cord injury by modulating pyroptosis and polarization via the PKA\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"153","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001800","article-title":"The Growth cone Cytoskeleton in axon Outgrowth and Guidance","volume":"3","author":"Dent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives Biology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105885","article-title":"Apelin regulates mitochondrial dynamics by inhibiting Mst1-JNK-Drp1 signaling pathway to reduce neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"180","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2908307","article-title":"Inhibiting the NF-kappaB\/DRP1 Axis affords neuroprotection after spinal cord injury via inhibiting polarization of pro-inflammatory microglia","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05089-8","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress following spinal cord injury by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction via the SIRT1\/PGC1alpha\/DRP1 signaling pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147902","article-title":"Mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant MitoQ modulates angiogenesis and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"1786","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5308-07.2008","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in SOD1G93A-bearing astrocytes promotes motor neuron degeneration: prevention by mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants","volume":"28","author":"Cassina","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15266","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15266","article-title":"SS-31 does not prevent or reduce muscle atrophy 7 days after a 65 kdyne contusion spinal cord injury in young male mice","volume":"10","author":"Graham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.07.023","article-title":"Pharmacologic approaches to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Otzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1159\/000484919","article-title":"Mitochondria targeted peptide attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction, controls inflammation and protects against spinal cord injury-induced lung injury","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-00999-4","article-title":"Remote ischemic preconditioning protects against spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by activating NMDAR\/AMPK\/PGC-1alpha\/SIRT3 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8687","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15501","article-title":"Sitagliptin improves functional recovery via GLP-1R-induced anti-apoptosis and facilitation of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4331625","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4331625","article-title":"Zinc regulates glucose metabolism of the spinal cord and neurons and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through the AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5891","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04658-8","article-title":"Revisiting the emerging role of light-based therapies in the Management of Spinal Cord Injuries","volume":"62","author":"Sen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991421","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.991421","article-title":"Photobiomodulation promotes repair following spinal cord injury by restoring neuronal mitochondrial bioenergetics via AMPK\/PGC-1alpha\/TFAM pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S298727","article-title":"Quercetin alleviates neuropathic pain in the rat CCI model by mediating AMPK\/MAPK pathway","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6200","article-title":"Association of a Functional Polymorphism in the CHRFAM7A gene with inflammatory response mediators and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323566","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1323566","article-title":"The identification of new roles for nicotinamide mononucleotide after spinal cord injury in mice: an RNA-seq and global gene expression study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70244","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70244","article-title":"Sirtuin1 in spinal cord injury: regulatory mechanisms, microenvironment remodeling and therapeutic potential","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6889676","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6889676","article-title":"Perisciatic nerve dexmedetomidine alleviates spinal oxidative stress and improves peripheral mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium in a neuropathic pain mouse model in an AMPK-dependent manner","volume":"2022","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176368","article-title":"Zinc remodels mitochondrial network through SIRT3\/Mfn2-dependent mitochondrial transfer in ameliorating spinal cord injury","volume":"968","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002128","article-title":"Low-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy improves locomotor functions, tissue regeneration, and modulating the inflammation induced FGF1 and FGF2 signaling to protect damaged tissue in spinal cord injury of rat model: an experimental animal study","volume":"110","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2305442","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202305442","article-title":"Cytoplasmic escape of mitochondrial DNA mediated by Mfn2 downregulation promotes microglial activation via cGas-sting Axis in spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04631-5","article-title":"P2Y6R inhibition induces microglial M2 polarization by promoting PINK1\/Parkin-dependent mitophagy after spinal cord injury","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337630","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1337630","article-title":"Maltol promotes mitophagy and inhibits oxidative stress via the Nrf2\/PINK1\/Parkin pathway after spinal cord injury","volume":"2022","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202436184.92","article-title":"Hyperbaric lidocaine aggravates diabetic neuropathic pain by targeting p38 MAPK\/ERK and PINK1\/Parkin-mediated Mitophagy signaling pathway","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117006","article-title":"Ginkgolide B effectively mitigates neuropathic pain by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through the induction of mitophagy in rats","volume":"177","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6364","article-title":"Stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha by dimethyloxalylglycine promotes recovery from acute spinal cord injury by inhibiting neural apoptosis and enhancing axon regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670834","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4670834","article-title":"Hydrogen-rich saline activated autophagy via HIF-1alpha pathways in neuropathic pain model","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4909103","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4909103","article-title":"Direct peritoneal resuscitation with pyruvate protects the spinal cord and induces autophagy via regulating PHD2 in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"2020","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.98051","article-title":"Enhancing mitophagy by ligustilide through BNIP3-LC3 interaction attenuates oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"004891","DOI":"10.12890\/2024_004891","article-title":"Effects of combined respiratory physiotherapy with high-flow nasal cannula and Venturi mask in spinal cord injury: a single-subject research study and literature review","volume":"11","author":"Raciti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Case Rep Intern Med"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6687212","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6687212","article-title":"Polydatin attenuates OGD\/R-induced neuronal injury and spinal cord ischemia\/reperfusion injury by protecting mitochondrial function via Nrf2\/ARE signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001105","article-title":"Effect of Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, in rats with neuropathic pain","volume":"29","author":"Zhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003916","article-title":"Ryanodine receptor to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species pathway plays an important role in chronic human immunodeficiency virus gp120MN-induced neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"129","author":"Godai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04264-z","article-title":"Resveratrol enhances the efficacy of combined BM-MSCs therapy for rat spinal cord injury via modulation of the Sirt-1\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13100817","article-title":"Molars to medicine: a focused review on the pre-clinical investigation and treatment of secondary degeneration following spinal cord injury using dental stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Jenkner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413460","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles: therapeutic mechanisms for blood-spinal cord barrier repair following spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Nakazaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E775","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2023.26.E775","article-title":"Biologics in interventional spinal procedure: the past, the present, and the vision","volume":"26","author":"Navani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03607-y","article-title":"Exosomes secreted from circZFHX3-modified mesenchymal stem cells repaired spinal cord injury through mir-16-5p\/IGF-1 in mice","volume":"47","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5835","article-title":"Exosomes derived from bone mesenchymal stem cells repair traumatic spinal cord injury by suppressing the activation of A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-04070-y","article-title":"Using magnetic resonance relaxometry to evaluate the safety and quality of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal cord progenitor cells","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03999-4","article-title":"Promotion of nerve regeneration and motor function recovery in SCI rats using LOCAS-iPSCs-NSCs","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030314","article-title":"Stem cell-based approaches for spinal cord injury: the promise of iPSCs","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02633-1","article-title":"Ameliorating effect of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in a human induced pluripotent stem cell model of Dravet syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02217-9","article-title":"hiPSC-derived NSCs effectively promote the functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2024.10.013","article-title":"Enzymatic tools for mitochondrial genome manipulation","volume":"229","author":"Rimskaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2024.073","article-title":"Unconstrained precision mitochondrial genome editing with alphaDdCBEs","volume":"35","author":"Castillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.035","article-title":"Engineering TALE-linked deaminases to facilitate precision adenine base editing in mitochondrial DNA","volume":"187","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-025-02608-w","article-title":"Leveraging base excision repair for efficient adenine base editing of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70092","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70092","article-title":"Sterol-targeted laboratory evolution allows the isolation of Thermotolerant and respiratory-competent clones of the industrial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez-Adria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2722","article-title":"Etomidate induces mitochondrial dysfunction in glioma Cancer cells by inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis mediated by CREB\/PGC-1alpha","volume":"72","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol Appl Biochem"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84022-x","article-title":"The total extract of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) medic flowers (TEA) mediated Nrf2-TFAM signalling to regulate mitochondrial antioxidant mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae415","article-title":"Conjoint analysis of succinylome and phosphorylome reveals imbalanced HDAC phosphorylation-driven succinylayion dynamic contibutes to lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71810-8","article-title":"HDAC\/H3K27ac-mediated transcription of NDUFA3 exerts protective effects on high glucose-treated human nucleus pulposus cells through improving mitochondrial function","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048728","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1048728","article-title":"The serum acylcarnitines profile in epileptic children treated with valproic acid and the protective roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a activation in valproic acid-induced liver injury","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.06.009","article-title":"Frontal lobe cognitive functions and electroencephalographic features in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy","volume":"86","author":"Sezikli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1966258","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown prevents neurons from death to alleviate acute spinal cord injury via the microRNA-338\/BIK axis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136124","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-338-5p in exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells provides neuroprotective effects by the Cnr1\/Rap1\/Akt pathway after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"761","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.09.005","article-title":"miR-338-5p levels and cigarette smoking are associated with neuropathic pain severity in individuals with spinal cord injury: preliminary findings from a genome-wide microRNA expression profiling screen","volume":"103","author":"Kowalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","article-title":"Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): a comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1782114\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:21:39Z","timestamp":1777522899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1782114\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1782114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1782114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"1782114"}}