{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:50:25Z","timestamp":1775710225467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) causes persistent autonomic dysregulation, which is not merely a clinical epiphenomenon, but a mechanistic condition shaping the neurochemical, neurovascular, and immuno-endocrine milieu in which plasticity unfolds. Yet, the modulatory role of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in post-injury circuit reorganization remains insufficiently integrated in rehabilitation paradigms. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence (2020\u20132025) describing how sympatho\u2013vagal dynamics constrain or enable adaptive plasticity following SCI, and surveys therapeutic strategies that intentionally leverage autonomic modulation to amplify recovery. Mechanistically, autonomic tone influences neuronal excitability, perfusion, neurotrophin signaling (notably Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)\/Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)), and microglia-dependent inflammatory states. Recurrent sympathetic surges during Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD) bias networks toward maladaptive phenotypes, whereas enhanced vagal flexibility promotes neurotrophin availability, homeostatic excitability, and synaptic strengthening. Interventions including Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), paired with task-specific training, respiratory-based protocols, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback, and individualized aerobic exercise demonstrate promising autonomic and functional effects. Altogether, these observations support the view that autonomic modulation is a mechanistic boundary condition for post-injury plasticity, rather than a secondary consequence of SCI. Future work requires rigorously powered, multimodal trials integrating autonomic biomarkers\u2014especially HRV\u2014with neurophysiological endpoints to refine dose-specific protocols and accelerate translation into precision-based rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1786173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:14:56Z","timestamp":1775708096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autonomic modulation of neuroplasticity in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: insights from a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Di Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS","place":["Telese Terme, BN, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS","place":["Telese Terme, BN, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Coccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS","place":["Telese Terme, BN, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Amitrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS","place":["Telese Terme, BN, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"D'Addio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS","place":["Telese Terme, BN, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"La Rovere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS","place":["Montescano, PV, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004417","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: the global incidence, prevalence, and disability from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"47","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S68889","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Fehlings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000524867","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in developing countries from 2009 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Golestani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07441-2","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and disability of spinal cord injury in China from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00095-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"22","author":"Safdarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071178","article-title":"Psychosocial consequences of spinal cord injury: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Budd","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00302","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v54.2040","article-title":"Physical health conditions in persons with spinal cord injury across 21 countries worldwide","volume":"54","author":"Str\u00f8m","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130045","article-title":"Autonomic consequences of spinal cord injury","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.08.003","article-title":"Autonomic function following cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"169","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071110","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction and management after spinal cord injury: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Henke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.08.006","article-title":"The clinical relevance of autonomic dysfunction, cerebral hemodynamics, and sleep interactions in individuals living with SCI","volume":"105","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584231217455","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and prospective therapeutic targets","volume":"30","author":"Trueblood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29066-1","article-title":"Spinal cord injury impairs cardiac function due to impaired bulbospinal sympathetic control","volume":"13","author":"Fossey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1713","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension and autonomic pathways after spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Claydon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadi3259","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi3259","article-title":"Microglia promote maladaptive plasticity in autonomic circuitry after spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"16","author":"Brennan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Translat Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042224","article-title":"Brain plasticity in patients with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Calderone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0280-3","article-title":"The translational landscape in spinal cord injury: focus on neuroplasticity and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02484-w","article-title":"Corticospinal motor circuit plasticity after spinal cord injury: harnessing neuroplasticity to improve functional outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Kazim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221081060","article-title":"Initial autonomic parameters and subsequent short-term neurological recovery after inpatient rehabilitation, in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury patients","volume":"36","author":"Nedumaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2023.100235","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Punjani","year":"2023","journal-title":"North Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.06.004","article-title":"The neuroplastic and therapeutic potential of spinal interneurons in the injured spinal cord","volume":"41","author":"Zholudeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584221145570","article-title":"Mapping the iceberg of autonomic recovery: mechanistic underpinnings of neuromodulation following spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Samejima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15040400","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and nervous system recovery: cellular mechanisms, therapeutic advances, and future prospects","volume":"15","author":"Tataranu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"346","article-title":"The autonomic nervous system","author":"Glick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Miller's Anesthesia. 8th"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48110-6.00013-2","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system","volume-title":"Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia","author":"Johnson","year":"2019"},{"key":"B26","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5454","article-title":"The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic","volume":"354","author":"Espinosa-Medina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-024-01023-6","article-title":"The differences in the anatomy of the thoracolumbar and sacral autonomic outflow are quantitative","volume":"34","author":"Verlinden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62263-3_28","article-title":"Spinal cord lesion and dysautonomia","volume-title":"Autonomic Nervous System and Sleep","author":"Iodice","year":"2021"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007973","article-title":"Segmental spinal sympathetic machinery: implications for autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"93","author":"Shouman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4489","article-title":"Inter-rater reliability of the international standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00721.2019","article-title":"Direct comparison of cervical and high thoracic spinal cord injury reveals distinct autonomic and cardiovascular consequences","volume":"128","author":"Lujan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999253","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.999253","article-title":"Consequences of spinal cord injury on the sympathetic nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Wulf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.04.005","article-title":"Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract: patterns of aging","volume":"136","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.02.001","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and secretion across the intestinal mucosal surface","volume":"133","author":"Xue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104915","article-title":"The central autonomic system revisited \u2013 convergent evidence for a regulatory role of the insular and midcingulate cortex from neuroimaging meta-analyses","volume":"142","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541667","volume-title":"The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System: Neurobiology of Homeostasis","author":"J\u00e4nig","year":"2006"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00555-4","article-title":"Somatosensory and autonomic neuronal regulation of the immune response","volume":"23","author":"Udit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281058","article-title":"Autonomic control of cerebral blood flow: fundamental comparisons between peripheral and cerebrovascular circulations in humans","volume":"600","author":"Koep","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.12.004","article-title":"The vagus nerve modulates BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus","volume":"28","author":"O'Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.112975","article-title":"Norepinephrine and serotonin are required for vagus nerve stimulation directed cortical plasticity","volume":"320","author":"Hulsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658465","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.658465","article-title":"Stress-induced enhanced long-term potentiation and reduced threshold for N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and \u03b2-adrenergic receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity in rodent ventral subiculum","volume":"14","author":"Bartsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70043","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.70043","volume":"35","author":"O'Dell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2019.00027","volume":"11","author":"Dyer-Reaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Synaptic Neurosci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19970515)48:4<334::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and trkB but not NT-3 and trkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus","volume":"48","author":"Schaaf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-03-01768.1995","article-title":"Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112312","article-title":"Actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoid stress in neurogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Numakawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581098","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.581098","volume":"11","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4087","article-title":"Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition","volume":"18","author":"Arnsten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060666","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1060666","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and cardiac neuro-signaling pathway modulation in cardiovascular disorders and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Elia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.030","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and behavioral despair following chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"81","author":"Horchar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.001","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation-induced cognitive enhancement: Hippocampal neuroplasticity in healthy male rats","volume":"15","author":"Olsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13931","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation modifies neuronal activity and the proteome of excitatory synapses of amygdala\/piriform cortex","volume":"140","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.02.049","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation induces widespread cortical and behavioral activation","volume":"31","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0322-2","article-title":"Neuronal regulation of the blood\u2013brain barrier and neurovascular coupling","volume":"21","author":"Kaplan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660373","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.660373","article-title":"Regulation of blood flow in the cerebral posterior circulation by parasympathetic nerve fibers: physiological background and possible clinical implications in patients with vertebrobasilar stroke","volume":"12","author":"Tamayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.04.001","article-title":"Alterations in autonomic cerebrovascular control after spinal cord injury","volume":"209","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.177707","article-title":"Cardiovascular dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Partida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46171","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201846171","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals distinct inflammation-induced microglia signatures","volume":"19","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.82.suppl_1.042","article-title":"Abstract 042: microglia depletion mitigates sympathetic hyperactivity in chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.10.005","article-title":"Modulation of neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction using percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in mice","volume":"12","author":"Huffman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02396-z","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation modulates hippocampal inflammation caused by continuous stress in rats","volume":"19","author":"Namgung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527842","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1527842","article-title":"Mechanisms of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on microglia and neuroinflammation","volume":"18","author":"Gargus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5725-10.2011","article-title":"Resilience to chronic stress is mediated by hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"31","author":"Taliaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.01.014","article-title":"Depletion of microglial BDNF increases susceptibility to the behavioral and synaptic effects of chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"109","author":"Woodburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034844","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation rapidly activates brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB in rat brain","volume":"7","author":"Furmaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813472","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.813472","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation reduces neuroinflammation through microglia polarization regulation to improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-004-0502-7","article-title":"Stress alters vascular? Endothelial growth factor expression in rat arteries: role of nerve growth factor","volume":"100","author":"Manni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.01.007","article-title":"Auricular vagal nerve stimulation inhibited central nerve growth factor\/tropomyosin receptor kinase A\/phospholipase C-gamma signaling pathway in functional dyspepsia model rats with gastric hypersensitivity","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112080","article-title":"Effects of vagus nerve stimulation are mediated in part by TrkB in a Parkinson's disease model","volume":"373","author":"Farrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14368","article-title":"Hippocampal activation of 5-HT1B receptors and BDNF production by vagus nerve stimulation in rats under chronic restraint stress","volume":"50","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00266-5","article-title":"Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivity","volume":"105","author":"Delafoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13227","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13227","article-title":"Butyrate promotes visceral hypersensitivity in an < span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">IBS < \/span>-like model via enteric glial cell-derived nerve growth factor","volume":"30","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13551","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13551","article-title":"Ameliorating effects of optimized gastric electrical stimulation and mechanisms involving nerve growth factor and opioids in a rodent model of gastric hypersensitivity","volume":"31","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23312","article-title":"< span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">NGF < \/span> steers microglia toward a neuroprotective phenotype","volume":"66","author":"Rizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02108-7","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of NGF-enriched extracellular vesicles in modulating neuroinflammation and enhancing peripheral nerve remyelination","volume":"13","author":"Yeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqad149","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad149","article-title":"The neuroendocrine impact of acute stress on synaptic plasticity","volume":"164","author":"dos Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02715-1","article-title":"miR-186-5p inhibition restores synaptic transmission and neuronal network activity in a model of chronic stress","volume":"30","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molec Psychiat"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00976-2","article-title":"Local activation of \u03b12 adrenergic receptors is required for vagus nerve stimulation induced motor cortical plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019202","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation enhances stable plasticity and generalization of stroke recovery","volume":"49","author":"Meyers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13695-0","article-title":"Enhancing plasticity in central networks improves motor and sensory recovery after nerve damage","volume":"10","author":"Meyers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102876","article-title":"Brain plasticity and vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"236","author":"Keute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2025.106854","article-title":"Harnessing spinal circuit reorganization for targeted functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"207","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.05.002","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury: Systemic pathophysiology and methods of management","volume":"209","author":"Eldahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2008.25.11.E13","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications after acute spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"25","author":"Furlan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.17","article-title":"Acute complications of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","author":"Hagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Orthop"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187S","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682231202348","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on hemodynamic management","volume":"14","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040144.072","article-title":"Hemodynamic management of acute spinal cord injury: a literature review","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"B89","first-page":"133","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunctions following spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Grigorean","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80158-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular abnormalities accompanying acute spinal cord injury in humans: Incidence, time course and severity","volume":"10","author":"Lehmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000910784.30615.77","article-title":"1262: a curious case of shock after a fall","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxac164","article-title":"Contemporary hemodynamic management of acute spinal cord injuries with intravenous and enteral vasoactive agents: a narrative review","volume":"79","author":"Iovine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4266\/acc.2021.01662","article-title":"Use of droxidopa for blood pressure augmentation after acute spinal cord injury: case reports","volume":"40","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acute Crit Care"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01384-0","article-title":"Impact of enteral albuterol on bradycardic events after acute cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Lim-Hing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.22037\/ijpr.2019.1100824","article-title":"Management of hypotension and bradycardia caused by spinal cord injury. The usefulness of midodrine and methylxanthines","volume":"18","author":"Mojtahedzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3848","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury","volume":"81","author":"Teasell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2417-19.2019","article-title":"Attenuating neurogenic sympathetic hyperreflexia robustly improves antibacterial immunity after chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"40","author":"Mironets","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715120-00083","article-title":"Circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with higher and lower spinal cord injury: simultaneous evaluation of autonomic nervous activity and physical activity","volume":"15","author":"Munakata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1310\/sci17-00028","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord injury in heart rate variability after acute and chronic exercise: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Buker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0583","article-title":"Heart rate variability-based prediction of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-005-0293-4","article-title":"Reproducibility of heart rate variability and blood pressure variability in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Ditor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1310\/sci17-00002","article-title":"Assessing heart rate variability as a surrogate measure of cardiac autonomic function in chronic traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"El-Kotob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00495","article-title":"Heart rate variability: a novel modality for diagnosing neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Karri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2024.14.02082202428022024","article-title":"Exploring factors associated with heart rate variability in newly injured traumatic cervical spinal cord injury patients","volume":"14","author":"Nedumaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-024-01256-6","article-title":"Diurnal variation of heart rate variability in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"23","author":"Saengsuwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16564","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16564","article-title":"Reliability of five-minute vs. one-hour heart rate variability metrics in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Srirubkhwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2022.2052621","article-title":"Exploring 5-minute heart rate variability in spinal cord injury during acute inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"46","author":"Stampas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.12.017","article-title":"The association of resting state heart rate variability and 24-hour blood pressure variability in spinal cord injury","volume":"361","author":"Thayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9680","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i27.9680","article-title":"Altered heart rate variability and pulse-wave velocity after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Tsou","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00035.2007","article-title":"Assessing baroreflex sensitivity by the transfer function method: what are we really measuring?","volume":"102","author":"Pinna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.482","article-title":"Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain","volume":"84","author":"Malliani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","article-title":"The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance","volume":"4","author":"Billman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.3224","article-title":"Sympathovagal balance: a critical appraisal","volume":"96","author":"Eckberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0379","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic function during inpatient rehabilitation following traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Wecht","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-018-0224-6","article-title":"Cardiac parasympathetic activity and ventricular diastolic interactions in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"57","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683231173357","article-title":"Motor activated auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential neuromodulation approach for post-stroke motor rehabilitation: a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Badran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329275","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for motor function, mental health and activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106390","article-title":"Effect of combined vagus nerve stimulation on recovery of upper extremity function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrov Dis"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2024.112411","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback enhances cognitive, motor, psychological, and autonomic functions in post-stroke rehabilitation","volume":"203","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2024.101911","article-title":"Combining therapeutic strategies with rehabilitation improves motor recovery in animal models of spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020350","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on the autonomic nervous system with a focus on anti-inflammatory and antioxidants effects","volume":"11","author":"Daniela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02074-6","article-title":"Systemic inflammation suppresses spinal respiratory motor plasticity via mechanisms that require serine\/threonine protein phosphatase activity","volume":"18","author":"Tadjalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"neur","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2022.0007","article-title":"Increased prevalence of blood pressure instability over twenty-four hours in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7286","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of autonomic function during the acute phase of spinal cord injury: use of low-frequency blood pressure variability as a quantitative measure of autonomic function","volume":"38","author":"Lucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03477-7","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation prevents endothelial necroptosis to alleviate blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32058","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32058","article-title":"Closed-loop neuromodulation restores network connectivity and motor control after spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Ganzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CNE.0001063792.24066.5a","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for neurologic recovery","volume":"46","author":"Malik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contempor Neurosurg"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319895480","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitative training enhances motor recovery after bilateral spinal cord injury to cervical forelimb motor pools","volume":"34","author":"Darrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151218","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1151218","article-title":"A review of combined neuromodulation and physical therapy interventions for enhanced neurorehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Evancho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.101","article-title":"Application of vagus nerve stimulation in spinal cord injury rehabilitation","volume":"174","author":"Fallahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6828","article-title":"Acute cardiovascular responses to vagus nerve stimulation after experimental spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001036","article-title":"Exploring the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex for therapeutic benefit in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"35","author":"Bloom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040288","article-title":"Targeting spinal interneurons for respiratory recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Paracha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700821","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.700821","article-title":"Respiratory training and plasticity after cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Randelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390777","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1390777","article-title":"Sex hormone supplementation improves breathing and restores respiratory neuroplasticity following C2 hemisection in rats","volume":"15","author":"Barok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34304","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34304","article-title":"Acute intermittent hypoxia enhances corticospinal synaptic plasticity in humans","volume":"7","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113483","article-title":"Acute intermittent hypoxia boosts spinal plasticity in humans with tetraplegia","volume":"335","author":"Christiansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90890-8","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia-induced enhancements in corticospinal excitability predict gains in motor learning and metabolic efficiency","volume":"15","author":"Bogard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5692-7_45","article-title":"Multiple pathways to long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation","volume-title":"New Frontiers in Respiratory Control","author":"Dale-Nagle","year":"2010"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00060.2012","article-title":"Severe acute intermittent hypoxia elicits phrenic long-term facilitation by a novel adenosine-dependent mechanism","volume":"112","author":"Nichols","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113891","article-title":"Therapeutic acute intermittent hypoxia: a translational roadmap for spinal cord injury and neuromuscular disease","volume":"347","author":"Vose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114478","article-title":"Cervical spinal hemisection effects on spinal tissue oxygenation and long-term facilitation of phrenic, renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"368","author":"Perim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2024.104369","article-title":"Enhanced phrenic motor neuron BDNF expression elicited by daily acute intermittent hypoxia is undermined in rats with chronic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"332","author":"Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0353","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory responses to acute intermittent hypoxia in humans with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Welch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115054","article-title":"Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits sympathetic neuroplasticity independent of peripheral chemoreflex activation and spinal cord tissue hypoxia in a rodent model of high-thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"384","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1113\/JP287676","article-title":"Cardiac neuromodulation with acute intermittent hypoxia in rats with spinal cord injury","volume":"603","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061591","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a translational dynamic biomarker of altered autonomic function in health and psychiatric disease","volume":"11","author":"Agorastos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202512","DOI":"10.21542\/gcsp.2025.12","article-title":"A focus on the assessment of the autonomic function using heart rate variability","volume":"2025","author":"Amekran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Cardiol Sci Pract"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02309623","article-title":"Heart rate variability is altered following spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Bunten","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-023-00935-w","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of short- and long-term heart rate variability in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"61","author":"Ruangsuphaphichat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27536351251335133","DOI":"10.1177\/27536351251335133","article-title":"Heart rate variability as a possible biomarker of cognitive-motor integration in post-stroke patients","volume":"14","author":"Penati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Rehabilit Sci Pract"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102750","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback in chronic disease management: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Fourni\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complem Ther Med"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2025.236","article-title":"Harnessing non-invasive vagal neuromodulation: HRV biofeedback and SSP for cardiovascular and autonomic regulation (Review)","volume":"5","author":"Gitler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Int"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-023-09592-4","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback for mild traumatic brain injury: a randomized-controlled study","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02355-w","article-title":"A neuro-cardiac self-regulation therapy to improve autonomic and neural function after SCI: a randomized controlled trial protocol","volume":"21","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4858","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094858","article-title":"Exercise-induced plasticity in signaling pathways involved in motor recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Bilchak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa052","article-title":"Corticospinal-motor neuronal plasticity promotes exercise-mediated recovery in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"143","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.03.052","article-title":"Exercise after spinal cord injury as an agent for neuroprotection, regeneration and rehabilitation","volume":"1619","author":"Sandrow-Feinberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070544","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070544","article-title":"Motor and autonomic concomitant health improvements with neuromodulation and exercise (MACHINE) training: a randomised controlled trial in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Shackleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.03.006","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic nervous activity during different sleep stages in individuals with spinal cord injury: the influence of physical training","volume":"117","author":"Cruz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-024-01019-z","article-title":"Effects of exercise on autonomic cardiovascular control in individuals with chronic, motor-complete spinal cord injury: an exploratory randomised clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Dorey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33469","DOI":"10.4025\/actascihealthsci.v40i1.33469","article-title":"< b>Cardiac autonomic profile in cervical spinal cord injury subjects practitioners of the physical exercise","volume":"40","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Scientiar Health Sci"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31826f5099","article-title":"Autonomic function and exercise performance in elite athletes with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12308","article-title":"Cardiovascular control, autonomic function, and elite endurance performance in spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scandin J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00722-5","article-title":"Comparison of cardiac autonomic modulation of athletes and non-athletes individuals with spinal cord injury at rest and during a non-immersive virtual reality task","volume":"59","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5719","article-title":"Exercise-induced alterations in sympathetic-somatomotor coupling in incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Onushko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442004","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1442004","article-title":"Effect of high-intensity exercise training on functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.02.001","article-title":"Exercise and sports science Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise and spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Tweedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000282514.94093.c6","article-title":"Exercise as a health-promoting activity following spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00205.2022","article-title":"Spinal electrical stimulation to improve sympathetic autonomic functions needed for movement and exercise after spinal cord injury: a scoping clinical review","volume":"128","author":"Flett","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: a systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Van Der Scheer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041090","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation for spinal cord injury in humans: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Chalif","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00333","article-title":"Weight bearing over-ground stepping in an exoskeleton with non-invasive spinal cord neuromodulation after motor complete paraplegia","volume":"11","author":"Gad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.268367","article-title":"Passive hind-limb cycling improves cardiac function and reduces cardiovascular disease risk in experimental spinal cord injury","volume":"592","author":"West","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1248524","article-title":"Passive cycling in neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury: a review","volume":"40","author":"Nardone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315593807","article-title":"Passive hind-limb cycling reduces the severity of autonomic dysreflexia after experimental spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085978","article-title":"Effects of early and delayed initiation of exercise training on cardiac and haemodynamic function after spinal cord injury","volume":"102","author":"Popok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102867","article-title":"Markers of susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia in experimental spinal cord injury and the impact of sympathetic stimulation and exercise training","volume":"235","author":"Lucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2025.0021","article-title":"Passive hindlimb cycling enhances tolerance of cardiac electrical conduction in rats with spinal cord injuries","volume":"42","author":"Cusimano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14969","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14969","article-title":"Effects of early exercise training on the severity of autonomic dysreflexia following incomplete spinal cord injury in rodents","volume":"9","author":"Harman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1310\/sci18-00020","article-title":"Impact of passive leg cycling in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Phadke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2021-0523","article-title":"Passive leg cycling increases activity of the cardiorespiratory system in people with tetraplegia","volume":"47","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2024.0110","article-title":"The effect of non-invasive, non-pharmacological interventions on autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function in adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Schoffl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotr Rep"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2025.2485509","article-title":"Evaluation and management of autonomic functions in patients with spinal cord injury: A scoping review","volume":"2025","author":"Yadav","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1586296","article-title":"The inflammatory response to a wheelchair half-marathon in people with a spinal cord injury - the role of autonomic function","volume":"37","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.2","article-title":"Autonomic function as a missing piece of the classification of Paralympic athletes with spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11760744","article-title":"Early acute management in adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals","volume":"31","author":"Consortium","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100684","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamics","volume":"36","author":"Giannantoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930140207","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia in a rat model spinal cord injury and the effect of pharmacologic agents","volume":"14","author":"Rivas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3148","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in spinal cord injury: clinical practicability","volume":"31","author":"Hubli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-023-00932-z","article-title":"Construct validity of the international standards to document remaining autonomic function after spinal cord injury (ISAFSCI) (1st edition)","volume":"61","author":"Kurban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01309-w","article-title":"Transforming modeling in neurorehabilitation: clinical insights for personalized rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595330","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1595330","article-title":"Editorial: Technology aided personalized motor rehabilitation for individuals with neurological diseases","volume":"13","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552118","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1552118","article-title":"Editorial: Device\/pharmaceutical supported neuro-functional regeneration\/recovery in neurological disorders","volume":"15","author":"Tsuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.011","article-title":"Rehabilomics research: conceptualizing a humoral triad for designing effective rehabilitation interventions","volume":"145","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","article-title":"A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies","volume":"26","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Inf Libr J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1786173\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:15:04Z","timestamp":1775708104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1786173\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":196,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1786173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1786173","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"article-number":"1786173"}}