{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:48:47Z","timestamp":1782920927457,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have indicated that non-motor symptoms are primary problems in focal dystonia, but limited data are available about cognitive function and their correlation with motor severity in generalized dystonia (GD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, we performed a case\u2013control study and enrolled isolated genetic or idiopathic GD patients and age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls (HC). Clinical characteristics, motor symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive performance were assessed in both groups using various standardized rating scales and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Group comparisons, multiple linear regression analyses, and correlation analyses were performed, with adjustment for demographic and affective variables and correction for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty patients with GD and matched healthy controls were enrolled and completed the assessments. Compared with HC, GD patients showed mild impairments, particularly in MoCA, executive function\/attention, spatial ability, some tests in memory and similarities while other cognitive function did not differ between patients and HC. After adjustment and multiple comparison correction, MOCA, MOCA, executive function\/attention and episodic memory remained the most consistent deficits. Several other cognitive differences were no longer significant after correction. No significant associations were found between cognitive performance and motor severity or disease duration. Cognitive performance did not differ between genetic and idiopathic subgroups or between medication groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GD is associated with mild and heterogeneous cognitive impairments, with only a subset of deficits remaining robust after adjustment. Cognitive performance appears largely independent of motor severity, disease duration, medication use, and disease etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1787339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:15:52Z","timestamp":1782918952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive impairment in Chinese patients with isolated generalized dystonia: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shanglin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingmai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","place":["Jinan, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30220","article-title":"Definition and classification of dystonia","volume":"40","author":"Albanese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21234","article-title":"Quality of life in focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia","volume":"22","author":"Page","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22736","article-title":"Cognitive disturbances in primary blepharospasm","volume":"24","author":"Alem\u00e1n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160867","article-title":"Screening for cognitive impairments in primary Blepharospasm","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21784","article-title":"Set-shifting and behavioral dysfunction in primary focal dystonia","volume":"23","author":"Bugalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.10.008","article-title":"Impaired cognitive functions in adult-onset primary cranial cervical dystonia","volume":"20","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09558-z","article-title":"A systematic review of cognition in cervical dystonia","volume":"34","author":"O'Connor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13978","article-title":"Are cognitive symptoms part of the phenotypic Spectrum of idiopathic adult-onset dystonia? 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