{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:19:13Z","timestamp":1783437553725,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric parkinsonism (PP) is a rare but disabling movement disorder characterized by bradykinesia and rigidity, with tremor being less frequent. Additional features include gait disturbances and impaired postural reflexes. In younger children, hypotonia is often a predominant sign. Clinical expression evolves with neurodevelopment and is frequently associated with other movement abnormalities, such as dystonia. The condition may arise from a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms and multiple etiologies, with genetic causes being particularly prominent. A classification system has been proposed based on age of onset, clinical features, prognosis and etiology, comprising: Developmental parkinsonism, Infantile degenerative parkinsonism, Parkinsonism in the setting of postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders, Parkinsonism associated with multisystemic brain diseases, Juvenile parkinsonism and dystonia-parkinsonism and Acquired parkinsonism. A specific assessment tool\u2014the Infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia Rating Scale\u2014has recently been developed and primarily validated to quantify severity, monitor disease progression and assess treatment response. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical features, pathophysiology, etiologies and treatment approaches of pediatric parkinsonism. In addition, we propose a diagnostic algorithm to support clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1788936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:10:12Z","timestamp":1783437012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric parkinsonism: clinical review and a proposed clinical algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Naranjo-Lobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Borja Arriar\u00e1n","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Central Campus, University of Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Hidalgo-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Borja Arriar\u00e1n","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Central Campus, University of Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Munoz-Chesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Borja Arriar\u00e1n","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Central Campus, University of Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Troncoso-Schifferli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Borja Arriar\u00e1n","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Central Campus, University of Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-014-9723-6","article-title":"Parkinsonism and inborn errors of metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Garcia-Cazorla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.6.1214","article-title":"Incidence and distribution of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990","volume":"52","author":"Bower","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.06.025","article-title":"Juvenile parkinsonism: differential diagnosis, 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