{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:58:29Z","timestamp":1782917909886,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cerebrovascular disease (CBD) has been observed in patients with ICD-defined Neuromyelitis Optica (hereinafter referred to as NMO). However, population-based research on this topic remains limited. In this study, the risk of macrovascular events was compared between individuals with NMO and a matched population without NMO in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data for this retrospective cohort study were collected from a nationwide database in Taiwan. A total of 1,376 patients with new-onset NMO between 2003 to 2020 were enrolled. A Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to investigate CVD and CBD risk in patients with NMO and controlled for relevant variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After relevant variables were controlled for, patients with NMO exhibited a significantly higher risk of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]\u202f=\u202f1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u202f=\u202f1.11\u20131.77) and CBD (aHR\u202f=\u202f3.37; 95% CI\u202f=\u202f2.69\u20134.22) than matched controls. Significant associations were observed between NMO and ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attack but not acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, or heart failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with NMO exhibited an elevated risk of CBD. Conversely, NMO was not associated with an elevated risk of certain CVDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1799026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T14:42:48Z","timestamp":1782916968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of macrovascular events among patients with ICD-defined neuromyelitis optica in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chih-Jaan","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, China Medical University Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuang-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuei-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung-Han","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo-Yan","family":"Gau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital","place":["Chiayi, Taiwan"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Ping-Sheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Ren","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ying","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02249-1","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies","volume":"18","author":"Carnero Contentti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70216-8","article-title":"The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"6","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30460-5","article-title":"Spinal cord involvement in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"18","author":"Ciccarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet 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