{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:05:39Z","timestamp":1793318739799,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep deprivation (SD) has become a pervasive public health issue with significant ramifications for physiological and cognitive function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the detrimental health effects of SD, explore the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and evaluate current and emerging intervention strategies. We conducted a narrative review of the literature, synthesizing findings from epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical studies. The results indicate that SD profoundly disrupts the function of multiple organ systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, immune, and endocrine systems. At the mechanistic level, SD induces neuroinflammation, disrupts the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota, impairs hippocampal structure and function, and alters synaptic plasticity. Interventions span pharmacological approaches\u2014from traditional central nervous system stimulants (e.g., caffeine, amphetamines, and modafinil) and sedative-hypnotics to novel therapies such as orexin receptor antagonists and gut microbiota modulators\u2014and non-pharmacological strategies, including napping, physical therapies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, and light therapy), exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and dietary modifications. In conclusion, the evidence highlights the crucial role of adequate sleep in maintaining health. A multifaceted approach combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, tailored to individual and population-specific needs, holds the greatest promise for mitigating the adverse effects of SD. Future research should focus on personalized interventions and leverage advanced technologies to elucidate the pathogenesis of SD further and develop more effective countermeasures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1819968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:25:27Z","timestamp":1781789127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sleep deprivation: a comprehensive review of multisystem impacts, underlying mechanisms, and emerging interventions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yong-Zheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The 991st Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of People\u2019s Liberation Army","place":["Xiangyang, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 991st Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of People\u2019s Liberation Army","place":["Xiangyang, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 991st Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of People\u2019s Liberation Army","place":["Xiangyang, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 991st Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of People\u2019s Liberation Army","place":["Xiangyang, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Qing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 991st Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of People\u2019s Liberation Army","place":["Xiangyang, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2018","article-title":"The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease","volume":"99","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.05.009","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation sets the standard for sleep as a vital sign of health","volume":"3","author":"Ojile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115419","article-title":"Sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairment: Unraveling the role of neuroinflammation","volume":"394","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0790-22.2023","article-title":"Total sleep deprivation increases brain age prediction reversibly in multisite samples of young healthy adults","volume":"43","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.10.008","article-title":"Naturalistic partial sleep deprivation leads to greater next-day anxiety: the moderating role of baseline anxiety and depression","volume":"52","author":"Bean","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045987","article-title":"Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase","volume":"7","author":"Lo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.23164","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and fatigue among nurses working consecutive night shifts: a prospective observational study","volume":"54","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Nurs"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.07.048","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and its association with diseases- a review","volume":"77","author":"Liew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"553","article-title":"Sleep deprivation: impact on cognitive performance","volume":"3","author":"Alhola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-444-53702-7.00006-3","article-title":"Total sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction and sleep disruption","volume":"185","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.2.117","article-title":"The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation","volume":"26","author":"Van Dongen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.06.003","article-title":"Partial sleep deprivation impacts impulsive action but not impulsive decision-making","volume":"164","author":"Demos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38879","article-title":"Partial sleep deprivation affects the athletic performance of Sanda athletes: an RCT study","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-025-00605-9","article-title":"Dualistic and inconsistent role of total and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on depressive-like behaviors in rats: a systematic review","volume-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms","author":"Vaseghi","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12885","article-title":"REM-sleep deprivation induces mitochondrial biogenesis in the rat Hippocampus","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2147\/nss.S467531","article-title":"Effects of acute sleep deprivation on sporting performance in athletes: a comprehensive systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30143","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30143","article-title":"Reviewing the impact of social media on the mental health of adolescents and young adults","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.01.004","article-title":"Influence of sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment on cortisol, inflammatory markers, and cytokine balance","volume":"47","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216951110","article-title":"Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain","volume":"110","author":"Markwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-867080","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation","volume":"25","author":"Durmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.01.010","article-title":"Involvement of peripheral alpha2A adrenoceptor in the acceleration of gastrointestinal transit and abdominal visceral pain induced by intermittent deprivation of REM sleep","volume":"186","author":"Yaoita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7044208","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7044208","article-title":"Electroacupuncture enhances cognitive deficits in a rat model of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation via targeting MiR-132","volume":"2022","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00167","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation enhances adenosine receptor activation and the CREB1\/YAP1\/c-Myc Axis to alleviate depressive-like Behaviors in rats","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2021.151552","article-title":"A systematic review of sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral function in young adults","volume":"63","author":"Griggs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2025.112554","article-title":"Effects of acute sleep deprivation on post-error adjustments and error processing","volume":"211","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127292","article-title":"Acute sleep deprivation exacerbates systemic inflammation and psychiatry disorders through gut microbiota dysbiosis and disruption of circadian rhythms","volume":"268","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.04.030","article-title":"Multi-night sleep restriction impairs Long-term retention of factual knowledge in adolescents","volume":"65","author":"Cousins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07089-8","article-title":"Nuclear receptor Nr1d1 links sleep deprivation to intestinal homeostasis via microbiota-derived taurine","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2023.2.20220108","article-title":"The consequences of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-0063.20200049","article-title":"Sleep deprivation effects on basic cognitive processes: which components of attention, working memory, and executive functions are more susceptible to the lack of sleep?","volume":"14","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.12182\/20230260304","article-title":"Research Progress in the effect of sleep deprivation on working memory and its mechanisms","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5656-6","article-title":"Chronic sleep deprivation and gender-specific risk of depression in adolescents: a prospective population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Conklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28819","article-title":"Sleep deprivation: a risk factor for the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556784","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1556784","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on heart rate variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.01.013","article-title":"The impact of sleep deprivation on the coronary circulation","volume":"144","author":"Sekine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00312-y","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on endothelial function in adult humans: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Holmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H29","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00607.2020","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and endothelial function: reconciling seminal evidence with recent perspectives","volume":"320","author":"Cherubini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.123.319026","article-title":"Sleep deprivation promotes endothelial inflammation and Atherogenesis by reducing Exosomal miR-182-5p","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13664","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13664","article-title":"The effects of sleep deprivation and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on male reproductive function: a multi-arm randomised trial","volume":"32","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.04.001","article-title":"Distinctive patterns of cortical excitability to transcranial magnetic stimulation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and sleep deprivation","volume":"19","author":"Lanza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31815f2c1a","article-title":"Metabolic complications of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"335","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02271-2","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and respiratory failure","volume":"25","author":"de Kruif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0819OC","article-title":"Impact of sleep deprivation on respiratory motor output and endurance. A physiological study","volume-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","author":"Rault","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.12.011","article-title":"Self-reported insufficient sleep is associated with clinical and inflammatory features of asthma: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.10.011","article-title":"Chronic REM-sleep deprivation induced laryngopharyngeal reflux in rats: a preliminary study","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06210.x","article-title":"Effect of gastroesophageal reflux disease on sleep","volume":"25","author":"Fass","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000490941","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and its association with gastrointestinal symptoms\/diseases and psychological comorbidity","volume":"99","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15871","article-title":"Effect of subjective and objective sleep quality on subsequent peptic ulcer recurrence in older adults","volume":"67","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.281.alc","article-title":"Short sleep duration is a risk of incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"28","author":"Okamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102109","article-title":"Impact of sleep deprivation on colon cancer: Unraveling the KynA-P4HA2-HIF-1\u03b1 axis in tumor lipid metabolism and metastasis","volume":"93","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100683","article-title":"Impact of sleep deprivation on neurocognition and inflammation in rhesus macaques","volume":"33","author":"Promsote","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.02.017","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the associations between insufficient sleep duration and antibody response to vaccination","volume":"33","author":"Spiegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00980-9","article-title":"Sleep deprivation whips up cytokine storm","volume":"24","author":"Flemming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","article-title":"Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation","volume":"80","author":"Irwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94816-2","article-title":"Wearable-derived short sleep duration is associated with higher C-reactive protein in a placebo-controlled vaccine trial among young adults","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"2610.3390\/ijms26146731","article-title":"Melatonin as the missing link between sleep deprivation and immune dysregulation: a narrative review","author":"Szataniak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02825-4","article-title":"Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Garbarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4398","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and divergent toll-like receptor-4 activation of cellular inflammation in aging","volume":"38","author":"Carroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0000000000000215","article-title":"Autoimmune rheumatic disease and sleep: a review","volume":"21","author":"Sangle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954422423000264","article-title":"Sleep deprivation in development of obesity, effects on appetite regulation, energy metabolism, and dietary choices","volume":"38","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.09.006","article-title":"Effects of age on recovery of body weight following REM sleep deprivation of rats","volume":"87","author":"Koban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1410.3390\/nu14245196","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and central appetite regulation","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-1025","article-title":"Impairments in glycaemic control do not increase linearly with repeated nights of sleep restriction in healthy adults: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Sweeney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E848","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00072.2018","article-title":"Mechanisms of sleep deprivation-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice","volume":"315","author":"Shigiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101340","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota","volume":"53","author":"Matenchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806087106","article-title":"Reduction of scale invariance of activity fluctuations with aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: involvement of the circadian pacemaker","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13028","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13028","article-title":"Chronic sleep deprivation altered the expression of circadian clock genes and aggravated Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathology","volume":"32","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14474","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14474","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates chronic sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits and HDAC3-Bmal1\/clock interruption","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0335754","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335754","article-title":"Sleep deprivation disrupts diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota and blood inflammatory cytokines in mice","volume":"20","author":"Shan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.048","article-title":"Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis","volume":"159","author":"Thaiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.006","article-title":"Effects of diurnal variation of gut microbes and high-fat feeding on host circadian clock function and metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Leone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02867-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate insomnia-like behaviors via gut-brain metabolic axis","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00994-2","article-title":"Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection","volume":"22","author":"Croese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12610","article-title":"Role of chronic neuroinflammation in neuroplasticity and cognitive function: a hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Lecca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5272","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02446-2","article-title":"Activation of the hippocampal LXR\u03b2 improves sleep-deprived cognitive impairment by inhibiting Neuroinflammation","volume":"58","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3881\/j.issn.1000-503X.14302","article-title":"Advances in mechanisms of blood brain barrier impairment induced by sleep deprivation","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.11.070","article-title":"Sleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: implications for neurological disorders","volume":"565","author":"Wankhede","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127467","article-title":"Targeting microbiota to alleviate the harm caused by sleep deprivation","volume":"275","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000518385","article-title":"The effect of a probiotic complex on the gut-brain Axis: a translational study","volume":"81","author":"Nobile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.10.004","article-title":"Sleep deprivation impairs intestinal mucosal barrier by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in goblet cells","volume":"194","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.117224","article-title":"Sleep deprivation exacerbates experimental colitis via down-regulating the clock gene Per2","volume":"242","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522431","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1522431","article-title":"Optimized oxygen therapy improves sleep deprivation-induced cardiac dysfunction through gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.08.008","article-title":"Prolonged sleep deprivation decreases cell proliferation and immature newborn neurons in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus of male rats","volume":"131","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00835-1","article-title":"Altered hippocampal transcriptome dynamics following sleep deprivation","volume":"14","author":"Gaine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111397","article-title":"Integrative metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of hippocampus reveals taurine metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism dysregulation associated with sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment","volume":"227","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.02.005","article-title":"The tired hippocampus: the molecular impact of sleep deprivation on hippocampal function","volume":"44","author":"Havekes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.01.024","article-title":"Sleep deprivation inhibits proliferation of adult hippocampal neural progenitor cells by a mechanism involving IL-17 and p38 MAPK","volume":"1714","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2013.00224","article-title":"Sleep and protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity: impacts of sleep loss and stress","volume":"7","author":"Gr\u00f8nli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12457-1_38","article-title":"Calcium dynamics and synaptic plasticity","volume":"1131","author":"Mateos-Aparicio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16065","article-title":"Long-term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and \u2018tagging\u2019 between synapses","volume":"289","author":"Bin Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175149","article-title":"Sleep deprivation leads to further impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by suppressing melatonin secretion in the pineal gland of chronically unpredictable stress rats","volume":"930","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012605299","article-title":"A rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway contributes to long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus","volume":"99","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6181630","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6181630","article-title":"Autophagy triggered by oxidative stress appears to be mediated by the AKT\/mTOR Signaling pathway in the liver of sleep-deprived rats","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5607\/en23015","article-title":"Gallic acid ameliorates cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation through antioxidant effect","volume":"32","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116547","article-title":"Vitamin B(6) alleviates chronic sleep deprivation-induced hippocampal ferroptosis through CBS\/GSH\/GPX4 pathway","volume":"174","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7354","article-title":"Soy isoflavones protects against cognitive deficits induced by chronic sleep deprivation via alleviating oxidative stress and suppressing neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112823","article-title":"Cerebrolysin prevents sleep deprivation induced memory impairment and oxidative stress","volume":"217","author":"Alzoubi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"1610.3390\/ph16010051","article-title":"Long-Term Sleep Deprivation-Induced Myocardial Remodeling and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice Were Attenuated by Lipoic Acid and N-Acetylcysteine","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001027","article-title":"Army research on pharmacological enhancement of soldier performance: stimulants, anabolic hormones, and blood doping","volume":"29","author":"Friedl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133x(89)90018-3","article-title":"The effects of d-amphetamine on arousal, cognition, and mood after prolonged total sleep deprivation","volume":"2","author":"Newhouse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00468.x","article-title":"Performance and alertness effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during sleep deprivation","volume":"14","author":"Wesensten","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"381","article-title":"Dextroamphetamine use during B-2 combat missions","volume":"75","author":"Kenagy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4442","article-title":"Sleep Deprivation & Amphetamine Induced Psychosis","volume":"52","author":"Shalaby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1491","article-title":"Adenosine A2A, but not A1, receptors mediate the arousal effect of caffeine","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83504-6","article-title":"Caffeine may disrupt the impact of real-time drowsiness on cognitive performance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled small-sample study","volume":"11","author":"Aidman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s40719-023-00253-9","article-title":"Sleep deprivation, burnout, and acute care surgery","volume":"9","author":"Abera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Trauma Rep"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109851","article-title":"Caffeine-dependent changes of sleep-wake regulation: evidence for adaptation after repeated intake","volume":"99","author":"Weibel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"4010.1093\/sleep\/zsx171","article-title":"Limited efficacy of caffeine and recovery costs during and following 5 days of chronic sleep restriction","author":"Doty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110232","article-title":"Coffee effectively attenuates impaired attention in ADORA2A C\/C-allele carriers during chronic sleep restriction","volume":"109","author":"Baur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305ra146","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac5125","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Burke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2147143","article-title":"Caffeine-loaded nano\/micro-carriers: techniques, bioavailability, and applications","volume":"64","author":"Shaddel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2022.107625","article-title":"Modafinil ameliorates the decline in pronunciation-related working memory caused by 36-h acute total sleep deprivation: an ERP study","volume":"192","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3357\/asem.3129.2012","article-title":"Modafinil as a replacement for dextroamphetamine for sustaining alertness in military helicopter pilots","volume":"83","author":"Estrada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"432","article-title":"Modafinil: the unique properties of a new stimulant","volume":"62","author":"Lyons","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2016-000640","article-title":"The impact of sleep deprivation in military surgical teams: a systematic review","volume":"163","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.02.008","article-title":"Association between light at night, melatonin secretion, sleep deprivation, and the internal clock: health impacts and mechanisms of circadian disruption","volume":"173","author":"Touitou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.10.009","article-title":"Application of armodafinil-loaded microneedle patches against the negative influence induced by sleep deprivation","volume":"169","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3357\/amhp.4996.2018","article-title":"Zolpidem as a sleep aid for military aviators","volume":"89","author":"Sen Kew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13939","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13939","article-title":"Efficacy of melatonin and ramelteon for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Maruani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519120-00007","volume":"19","author":"McGechan","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"1110.3390\/jcm11175138","article-title":"Use of melatonin and\/on Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia in older adults: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","author":"Marupuru","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"3010.3390\/molecules30183814","article-title":"The efficacy of Melatonergic receptor agonists used in clinical practice in insomnia treatment: melatonin, Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, Agomelatine, and selected herbs","author":"\u017be\u0142abowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.07.023","article-title":"Dual orexin receptor antagonist ameliorates sleep deprivation-induced learning and memory impairment in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.116794","article-title":"Role of OX\/OXR cascade in insomnia and sleep deprivation link Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease: therapeutic avenue of dual OXR antagonist (DORA)","volume":"233","author":"Panda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230710.703","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of sleep deprivation-induced body injury and traditional Chinese medicine prevention and treatment: a review","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119311","article-title":"Liuwei Anshen capsule alleviates cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation by reducing neuroapoptosis and inflammation","volume":"341","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118534","article-title":"Mechanism of action of the Banxia-Xiakucao herb pair in sleep deprivation: new comprehensive evidence from network pharmacology, transcriptomics and molecular biology experiments","volume":"334","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848588","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.848588","article-title":"Lonicerae Japonicae Flos extract promotes sleep in sleep-deprived and lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice","volume":"16","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155725","article-title":"Mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge extract to alleviate chronic sleep deprivation-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats","volume":"130","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156959","article-title":"Integrative fMRI and multiomics reveal neuroprotective mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus in sleep deprivation-induced depression","volume":"145","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114521000568","article-title":"Immune status, well-being and gut microbiota in military supplemented with synbiotic ice cream and submitted to field training: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-11-200606060-00005","article-title":"The effects of on-duty napping on intern sleep time and fatigue","volume":"144","author":"Arora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-11-200606060-00004","article-title":"The effects of coffee and napping on nighttime highway driving: a randomized trial","volume":"144","author":"Philip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.5192","article-title":"Timed light therapy for sleep and daytime sleepiness associated with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"74","author":"Videnovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13722","article-title":"Electroacupuncture promotes the survival and synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons and improvement of sleep deprivation-induced spatial memory impairment","volume":"27","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.06.019","article-title":"Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation: a randomized trial","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114704","article-title":"rTMS reduces spatial learning and memory deficits induced by sleep deprivation possibly via suppressing the expression of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in rats","volume":"456","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14744","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14744","article-title":"Can earlobe stimulation serve as a sham for transcutaneous auricular vagus stimulation? Evidence from an alertness study following sleep deprivation","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114247","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus stimulation (taVNS) improves human working memory performance under sleep deprivation stress","volume":"439","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101735","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in primary sleep disorders","volume":"67","author":"Lanza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147367","article-title":"Mild regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on spatial memory","volume":"1759","author":"Sahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2025-0019","article-title":"Aerobic and\/or resistance exercise in restoring metabolic dysregulation induced by chronic sleep restriction in rats","volume":"103","author":"\u015een","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101110","article-title":"Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms","volume":"43","author":"Saner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7326\/m15-2175","article-title":"Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians","volume":"165","author":"Qaseem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5005\/japi-11001-0091","article-title":"Effect of 4-day online breath meditation workshop on Ballistocardiography-based sleep and cardiac health assessments among medical professionals of a tertiary Care Hospital in North India during COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Pathania","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo04087a","article-title":"A comparative study of the effect of a gentle ketogenic diet containing medium-chain or long-chain triglycerides on chronic sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13832","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13832","article-title":"The effect of a 2 week ketogenic diet, versus a carbohydrate-based diet, on cognitive performance, mood and subjective sleepiness during 36\u202fh of extended wakefulness in military personnel: an exploratory study","volume":"32","author":"Henderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70087","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70087","article-title":"Individualized rTMS intervention targeting sleep deprivation-induced vigilance decline: task fMRI-guided approach","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"Sleep in adults: sleep deprivation in hospitalized patients and physicians","volume-title":"FP Essent","author":"Moore","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-323-90918-1.00012-5","article-title":"Impact of sleep deprivation on dynamic functional connectivity states","volume":"206","author":"Fasiello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1819968\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:25:34Z","timestamp":1781789134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1819968\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":150,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1819968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1819968","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"article-number":"1819968"}}