{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:41:36Z","timestamp":1781131296224,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The precise treatment and dynamic management of traumatic brain injury pose a substantial challenge to the global healthcare sector. This challenge arises not only from the complex and dynamically evolving pathological microenvironment that follows brain injury and the heterogeneity of the damage but also from the critical importance of maintaining the structural integrity of brain tissue. The intricate pathophysiological milieu subsequent to traumatic brain injury (TBI) hinders the reparative processes, thereby rendering current therapeutic strategies insufficient to satisfy clinical treatment demands. Injectable hydrogels represent a novel and promising biomaterial, offering a groundbreaking platform technology for the repair of traumatic brain injuries. Their distinctive benefits, such as minimally invasive delivery,\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    molding, self-healing capabilities, and adaptability to irregular injury sites, position them as an emerging approach in this field. This study provides a systematic review of the current research landscape and pathogenesis associated with TBI, followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of injectable hydrogels in TBI management. It further explores the use of injectable hydrogels across various TBI models and concludes with a discussion on prospective developmental trajectories. The objective is to elucidate the significance of injectable hydrogels in addressing the limitations of conventional therapies, thereby advancing the implementation of innovative therapeutic strategies for TBI treatment and repair.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1824220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:23:42Z","timestamp":1777523022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic management of traumatic brain injury in rat: injectable hydrogels and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419613","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202419613","article-title":"In situ sprayed self-gelling powder self-assembled by a pure molecular drug from herbal extract for rapid hemostasis and neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147586","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoid (CBD) on blood brain barrier permeability after brain injury in rats","volume":"1768","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2024183","article-title":"Cannabidiol alleviates the inflammatory response in rats with traumatic brain injury through the PGE (2)-EP2-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway","volume":"57","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00094-6","article-title":"Post-traumatic headache attributed to traumatic brain injury: classification, clinical characteristics, and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.02.012","article-title":"Chitosan and chitosan coating nanoparticles for the treatment of brain disease","volume":"560","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00394-w","article-title":"Drug delivery to the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Nance","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mater"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300495e","article-title":"Diffusion of macromolecules in the brain: implications for drug delivery","volume":"10","author":"Wolak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.11.032","article-title":"The use of bioactive matrices in regenerative therapies for traumatic brain injury","volume":"102","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70148","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70148","article-title":"Dynamic hydrogel-based strategy for traumatic brain injury modeling and therapy","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Traumatic brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths, 2002\u20132006","author":"Faul","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"7","article-title":"Analysis of trends in incidence and prevalence of traumatic brain injury in China from 2000 to 2019","volume":"37","author":"Xiaorui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255117","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1255117","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries in the fastest-paced city in China: a retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01870-3","article-title":"Traumatic Brian injury (TBI) unraveled: molecular disruptions and therapeutic avenues","volume":"33","author":"Kumari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-021-01841-7","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: mechanistic insight on pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"71","author":"Thapa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.4.0707","article-title":"Secondary ischemia impairing the restoration of ion homeostasis following traumatic brain injury","volume":"103","author":"Stiefel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00060","article-title":"Altered calcium signaling following traumatic brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.03.047","article-title":"Abnormal changes in voltage-gated sodium channels subtypes Na(V)1.1, Na(V)1.2, Na(V)1.3, Na(V)1.6 and CaM\/CaMKII pathway in low-grade astrocytoma","volume":"674","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.JNS09689","article-title":"Role of extracellular glutamate measured by cerebral microdialysis in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"113","author":"Chamoun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.1007s","article-title":"Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology","volume":"130","author":"Meldrum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.04.017","article-title":"Memantine improves outcomes after repetitive traumatic brain injury","volume":"340","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831825","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.831825","article-title":"Hyperacute Excitotoxic mechanisms and synaptic dysfunction involved in traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Hoffe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158460","article-title":"ILB(\u00ae), a low molecular weight dextran sulphate, restores glutamate homeostasis, amino acid metabolism and neurocognitive functions in a rat model of severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Lazzarino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.13.030190.001131","article-title":"The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.15.1464368","article-title":"Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic diseases","volume":"6","author":"Beal","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093256","article-title":"Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors may protect against ischemic damage in the brain","volume":"226","author":"Simon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.13.1719","article-title":"Glycine antagonist in neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke: GAIN Americas: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"285","author":"Sacco","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2673","article-title":"Aptiganel hydrochloride in acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"286","author":"Albers","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00164-3","article-title":"Why did NMDA receptor antagonists fail clinical trials for stroke and traumatic brain injury?","volume":"1","author":"Ikonomidou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107587908.002","volume-title":"Neurocritical Care, Second Edition","author":"Dhar","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2014.02.006","article-title":"NADPH oxidase inhibition improves neurological outcome in experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"69","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.038","article-title":"Oxidative stress and modification of synaptic proteins in hippocampus after traumatic brain injury","volume":"45","author":"Ansari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200205000-00005","article-title":"Assessment of antioxidant reserves and oxidative stress in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children","volume":"51","author":"Bayir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504772695904","article-title":"Peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration and lipid peroxidation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1454-5","article-title":"Animal models of traumatic brain injury and assessment of injury severity","volume":"56","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3407","article-title":"Animal models of traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103156","article-title":"Atox1 protects hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury via DJ-1 mediated anti-oxidative stress and mitophagy","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00515","article-title":"Mitochondrial-targeted therapies in traumatic brain injury: from bench to bedside","volume":"22","author":"Tabassum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-024-10138-6","article-title":"Tetramerization of PKM2 alleviates traumatic brain injury by ameliorating mitochondrial damage in microglia","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01372-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in brain microvascular endothelial cells following blast traumatic brain injury","volume":"43","author":"Schmitt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0046","article-title":"Characterizing sex differences in mitochondrial dysfunction after severe traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"4","author":"Kalimon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00957-9","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: neuropathological, neurocognitive and neurobehavioral sequelae","volume":"22","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-01017-8","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of traumatic brain injury (TBI): role of neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"30","author":"Kalra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02012-2","article-title":"Fibrinogen and Neuroinflammation during traumatic brain injury","volume":"57","author":"Sulimai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e069594","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069594","article-title":"Investigating the characteristics and correlates of systemic inflammation after traumatic brain injury: the TBI-BraINFLAMM study","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6260","article-title":"Inflammatory neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury","volume":"353","author":"Mv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0213-5","article-title":"Dissemination of brain inflammation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070838","article-title":"Current and potential pharmacologic therapies for traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Tani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and Back","volume":"99","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09541-4","article-title":"Recent advances in traumatic brain injury","volume":"266","author":"Khellaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1016\/s0142-9612(03)00340-5","article-title":"Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications","volume":"24","author":"Drury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2012.10.037","article-title":"Hydrogels in healthcare: from static to dynamic material microenvironments","volume":"61","author":"Kirschner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10110693","article-title":"A review of advanced hydrogel applications for tissue engineering and drug delivery systems as biomaterials","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-023-00339-0","article-title":"Application of hydrogels in cardiac regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol Ther"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Development of Hydrogels and Study the effect of their Mechanical Properties on Podocyte Behaviors","author":"Abdallah","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152026","article-title":"Advancements in hydrogels: a comprehensive review of natural and synthetic innovations for biomedical applications","volume":"17","author":"Segneanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12010011","article-title":"Recent advances in injectable hydrogels for biomedical and aesthetic applications: focus on rheological characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114021","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges of injectable hydrogels in drug delivery","volume":"385","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2400513","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400513","article-title":"<article-title update=\"added\">stimuli\u2010responsive hydrogels for antibacterial applications","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17102439","article-title":"Exploring the Progress of hyaluronic acid hydrogels: synthesis, characteristics, and wide-ranging applications","volume":"17","author":"Gholamali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045","article-title":"Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels","volume":"73","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134988","article-title":"Protein-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"(Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rbad036","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad036","article-title":"An injectable hydrogel combining medicine and matrix with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties for potential treatment of myocardial infarction","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regener Biomater"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10004-7","article-title":"A strongly adhesive hemostatic hydrogel for the repair of arterial and heart bleeds","volume":"10","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00583-8","article-title":"An injectable hydrogel enhances tissue repair after spinal cord injury by promoting extracellular matrix remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0192","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0192","article-title":"Injectable brain extracellular matrix hydrogels enhance neuronal migration and functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"29","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120081","article-title":"Injectable and fast gelling hyaluronate hydrogels with rapid self-healing ability for spinal cord injury repair","volume":"298","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904450","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904450","article-title":"A 3D printable and bioactive hydrogel scaffold to treat traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Che","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06599.x","article-title":"Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells and enriched environment after cortical stroke in rats: cell survival and functional recovery","volume":"29","author":"Hicks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2018.00014","article-title":"Harnessing the potential of biomaterials for brain repair after stroke","volume":"5","author":"Tuladhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Mater"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.07.028","article-title":"Systematic optimization of an engineered hydrogel allows for selective control of human neural stem cell survival and differentiation after transplantation in the stroke brain","volume":"105","author":"Moshayedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0169","article-title":"Mechanical heterogeneity of the rat hippocampus measured by atomic force microscope indentation","volume":"24","author":"Elkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.04.020","article-title":"Neuronal cell loss accompanies the brain tissue response to chronically implanted silicon microelectrode arrays","volume":"195","author":"Biran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.02.011","article-title":"Cerebral blood vessel damage in traumatic brain injury","volume":"64","author":"Monson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Biomech Bristol Avon"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15171","article-title":"Management of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"59","author":"Abdelmalik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.02.001","article-title":"Management of traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit","volume":"26","author":"Ling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0385","article-title":"Progression of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective observational study","volume":"25","author":"Narayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2201594","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201594","article-title":"An ECM-mimicking, injectable, viscoelastic hydrogel for treatment of brain lesions","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c01406","article-title":"Strongly adhesive, self-healing, hemostatic hydrogel for the repair of traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114346","article-title":"Multifunctional injectable oxidized sodium alginate\/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel for rapid hemostasis","volume":"245","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.05.207","article-title":"Injectable hemostatic hydrogel adhesive with antioxidant, antibacterial and procoagulant properties for hemorrhage wound management","volume":"673","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122817","article-title":"Carboxymethyl chitosan\/dialdehyde quaternized pullulan self-healing hydrogel loaded with tranexamic acid for rapid hemostasis","volume":"348","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401485","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202401485","article-title":"A self-gelling powder directly co-assembled by natural small molecules for traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2024.2309253","article-title":"Individualized spectral filters alleviate persistent photophobia, headaches and migraines in active duty military and veterans following brain trauma","volume":"38","author":"Tosta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0212","article-title":"Acupuncture treatment for chronic post-traumatic headache in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Herrmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.31636\/pmjua.v5i3.2","article-title":"Correlation of pain and psychological disorder","volume":"5","author":"Ordatii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S362443","article-title":"Rhodojaponin III-loaded chitosan derivatives-modified solid lipid nanoparticles for multimodal Antinociceptive effects in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2020-0097","article-title":"HTX-011 (bupivacaine and meloxicam) for the prevention of postoperative pain - clinical considerations","volume":"11","author":"Cornett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02230-5","article-title":"Ropivacaine-loaded hydrogels for prolonged relief of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain and potentiated chemotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Qing","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142845","article-title":"Injectable thermosensitive hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid and poloxamer for sustained bupivacaine release and prolonged analgesia","volume":"309","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2021.101090","article-title":"Injectable, antioxidative, and neurotrophic factor-deliverable hydrogel for peripheral nerve regeneration and neuropathic pain relief","volume":"24","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Mater Today"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.101934","article-title":"Adhesive and conductive hydrogel-based therapy simultaneously targeting neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage after brain injury","volume":"51","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc7f1","article-title":"Hydrogel-mediated local delivery of dexamethasone reduces neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05997-1","article-title":"In vivo methods for imaging blood-brain barrier function and dysfunction","volume":"50","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2301779","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301779","article-title":"Bacteria-derived outer-membrane vesicles hitchhike neutrophils to enhance ischemic stroke therapy","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06528-w","article-title":"Injectable nanocomposite hydrogel for localized precision delivery of dexamethasone after traumatic brain injury: dual modulation of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier restoration","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02454-z","article-title":"An injectable refrigerated hydrogel for inducing local hypothermia and neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122495","article-title":"Intraoperative application of intelligent, responsive, self-assembling hydrogel rectifies oxygen and energy metabolism in traumatically injured brain","volume":"306","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad1dfd","article-title":"A ROS-responsive loaded desferoxamine (DFO) hydrogel system for traumatic brain injury therapy","volume":"19","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Mater (Bristol, England)"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28894","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c09097","article-title":"Small molecule hydrogels loading small molecule drugs from Chinese medicine for the enhanced treatment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c00065","article-title":"Construction of curcumin-loaded hydrogels for treatment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl Polym Mater"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120675","article-title":"In situ implantable, post-trauma microenvironment-responsive, ROS depletion hydrogels for the treatment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"270","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33756","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c04930","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species scavenging functional hydrogel delivers Procyanidins for the treatment of traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3415-17.2018","article-title":"Cardiolipin-dependent Mitophagy guides outcome after traumatic brain injury","volume":"39","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00884-5","article-title":"Melatonin provides neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury-promoted mitochondrial perturbation in Wistar rat","volume":"41","author":"Salman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12881","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312881","article-title":"Etifoxine restores mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and improves cognitive recovery following traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Palzur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.255972","article-title":"Polydatin prevents the induction of secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury by protecting neuronal mitochondria","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-02089-5","article-title":"Honokiol reduces mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibits apoptosis of nerve cells in rats with traumatic brain injury by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31843","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c02580","article-title":"Tannic acid-based injectable hydrogel promotes the recovery of traumatic brain injury by anti-Ferroptosis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102341","article-title":"Injectable magnetic hydrogel induces multi-programmed cell death and deep tumor regression in magnetic hyperthermia therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114488","article-title":"Injectable DMM\/GelMA hydrogel for diabetic wound healing via regulating mitochondrial metabolism and macrophage repolarization","volume":"248","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121656","article-title":"An injectable mitochondria-targeted nanodrug loaded-hydrogel for restoring mitochondrial function and hierarchically attenuating oxidative stress to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"287","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16773","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA01700A","article-title":"Self-healing hydrogels for bone defect repair","volume":"13","author":"W","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30243-5","article-title":"An instantly fixable and self-adaptive scaffold for skull regeneration by autologous stem cell recruitment and angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01949","article-title":"Nanohydroxyapatite-stabilized Pickering-emulsion-incorporated hydrogel prevents postoperative osteosarcoma recurrence and promotes bone repair","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015037","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ada2ce","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel photothermal hydrogel composite with combined osteogenic and antibacterial activities","volume":"20","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101374","article-title":"Sequential delivery of IL-10 and icariin using nanoparticle\/hydrogel hybrid system for prompting bone defect repair","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.10.014","article-title":"A multifunctional self-reinforced injectable hydrogel for enhancing repair of infected bone defects by simultaneously targeting macrophages, bacteria, and bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"189","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122115","article-title":"Hydrogel loaded with thiolated chitosan modified taxifolin liposome promotes osteoblast proliferation and regulates Wnt signaling pathway to repair rat skull defects","volume":"336","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c01685","article-title":"Injectable and in situ formed dual-network hydrogel reinforced by mesoporous silica nanoparticles and loaded with BMP-4 for the closure and repair of skull defects","volume":"10","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2400205","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202400205","article-title":"Dual-functional implant based on Gellan-xanthan hydrogel with Diopside, BMP-2 and Lysostaphin for bone defect repair and control of staphylococcal infection","volume":"24","author":"Karyagina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201349","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201349","article-title":"Photosensitive and conductive hydrogel induced innerved bone regeneration for infected bone defect repair","volume":"12","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233831","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Hyaluronan-based hydrogel implantation after cortical traumatic injury","volume":"11","author":"Lain\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120578","article-title":"Hyaluronan-based hydrogel integrating exosomes for traumatic brain injury repair by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis","volume":"306","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101335","article-title":"Bioactive hydrogel synergizes neuroprotection, macrophage polarization, and angiogenesis to improve repair of traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18113-4","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Bolte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.02.016","article-title":"Animal models of closed-skull, repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"198","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51098-y","article-title":"Wrapping stem cells with wireless electrical nanopatches for traumatic brain injury therapy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.03.002","article-title":"Purinergic astrocyte signaling driven by TNF-\u03b1 after cannabidiol administration restores normal synaptic remodeling following traumatic brain injury","volume":"545","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28870-z","article-title":"Engineering of an electrically charged hydrogel implanted into a traumatic brain injury model for stepwise neuronal tissue reconstruction","volume":"13","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbz027","article-title":"Enhanced angiogenesis by the hyaluronic acid hydrogels immobilized with a VEGF mimetic peptide in a traumatic brain injury model in rats","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Regener Biomater"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32912-x","article-title":"Wireless charging-mediated angiogenesis and nerve repair by adaptable microporous hydrogels from conductive building blocks","volume":"13","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29081705","article-title":"Injectable hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid and gelatin combined with Salvianolic acid B and vascular endothelial growth factor for treatment of traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"7439","article-title":"Application of exosome-loaded hydrogel in nerve injury regeneration and wound healing","volume":"29","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"ref137","first-page":"1240","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in rats with multiple concussions by regulating the PERK-eIF2\u03b1-ATF4-CHOP pathway","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081609","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces short- and Long-term high glutamate release after severe traumatic brain injury and improves functional recovery","volume":"14","author":"Santiago-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113844","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces lesion volume and restores vestibulomotor and cognitive function following moderately severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"346","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2009","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0539","article-title":"Cannabidiol alleviates neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury by improving intracranial lymphatic drainage","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sac011","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac011","article-title":"Cannabis use in a cohort of healthcare-seeking United States military veterans with persisting symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary observations","volume":"188","author":"Utter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14100999","article-title":"Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on doxorubicin-induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors and mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in rats","volume":"14","author":"Poudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e886","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0285","article-title":"The influence of cannabinoids on Drosophila behaviors, longevity, and traumatic injury responses of the adult nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Candib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00251-0","article-title":"Cannabidiol and sports performance: a narrative review of relevant evidence and recommendations for future research","volume":"6","author":"McCartney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","article-title":"Cannabidiol adverse effects and toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2400050","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202400050","article-title":"Microenvironment-responsive hydrogel reduces seizures after traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats by reducing oxidative stress and hippocampal inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol Biosci"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2023.2286209","article-title":"Oxyberberine an oxoderivative of berberine confers neuroprotective effects in controlled-cortical impact mouse model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"135","author":"Tentu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8599268","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8599268","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of metformin and Berberine in lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness-like behaviour in mice","volume":"2024","author":"Kodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"376","article-title":"Network pharmacology approach to unveiling the mechanism of berberine in the amelioration of morphine tolerance","volume":"45","author":"Shuai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03199-0","article-title":"Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine","volume":"397","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380353","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1380353","article-title":"Curcumin in the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress responses in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2023.102164","article-title":"Curcumin ameliorates traumatic brain injury via C1ql3-mediated microglia M2 polarization","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2174\/1567202620666230303144323","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and promotes behavioral recovery after traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7391","article-title":"Curcumin suppress inflammatory response in traumatic brain injury via p38\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30708-0","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates traumatic brain injury induced by gas explosion through modulating gut microbiota and suppressing the LPS\/TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"31","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14439","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14439","article-title":"A highly bioavailable curcumin formulation ameliorates inflammation cytokines and neurotrophic factors in mice with traumatic brain injury","volume":"103","author":"Sakul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.05.009","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates neuroinflammation, enhances hippocampal neurogenesis, and improves spatial memory after traumatic brain injury","volume":"162","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.61186\/ibj.3978","article-title":"Curcumin lowers the accelerated speed of epileptogenesis by traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Jahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200517","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200517","article-title":"Intrinsically bioactive manganese-eumelanin nanocomposites mediated antioxidation and anti-neuroinflammation for targeted theranostics of traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20943-2","article-title":"Protective effects of curcumin against thyroid hormone imbalance after gas explosion-induced traumatic brain injury via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in male rats","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03251-y","article-title":"Responsive nanoparticles synergize with curcumin to break the \"reactive oxygen species-Neuroinflammation\" vicious cycle, enhancing traumatic brain injury outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117818","article-title":"Co-delivery of curcumin-resveratrol-carnosic acid complex promotes neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in a rodent model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"183","author":"Mohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112770","article-title":"Identification of difluorinated curcumin molecular targets linked to traumatic brain injury pathophysiology","volume":"148","author":"Sahebkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202302030","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202302030","article-title":"Curcumin - bioavailability enhancement by prodrug approach and novel formulations","volume":"21","author":"Chelimela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.007","article-title":"A novel mechanism linking ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress via the circPtpn14\/miR-351-5p\/5-LOX signaling in melatonin-mediated treatment of traumatic brain injury","volume":"178","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12704","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12704","article-title":"Deletion of ferritin H in neurons counteracts the protective effect of melatonin against traumatic brain injury-induced ferroptosis","volume":"70","author":"Rui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.02.014","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates neurological deficits through MT2\/IL-33\/ferritin H signaling-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation and ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury","volume":"199","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136754","article-title":"Melatonin mitigates traumatic brain injury-induced depression-like behaviors through HO-1\/CREB signal in rats","volume":"784","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70115","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.70115","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin and sleep quality: a scoping review of systematic reviews","volume":"66","author":"Iyer","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1824220\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:23:58Z","timestamp":1777523038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1824220\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":169,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1824220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1824220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"article-number":"1824220"}}