{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:55:39Z","timestamp":1781758539468,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000942","name":"Brain Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and neurological disorders are rapidly converging global health burdens, driven by population ageing, the growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and limited early detection and disease-modifying therapies for many neurological syndromes. Beyond its established role in diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy, DM is increasingly implicated as a modifier of risk, phenotype, and prognosis across a wide range of central and peripheral nervous system diseases. In this narrative review, we synthesize current epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and mechanistic evidence examining the relationship between DM and 10 clinically important neurological disorders: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Huntington\u2019s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Across these conditions, DM acts as a context-dependent disease modifier, increasing risk in some disorders, appearing protective or delaying onset in others, and influencing disease phenotype, progression, and treatment response. We highlight potential areas of mechanistic convergence, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, disrupted energy homeostasis, and genetic predisposition, alongside important divergences shaped by disease-specific pathology. We also discuss the clinical and translational implications of this interface, including diagnostic challenges, opportunities for improved risk stratification, and growing interest in repurposing antidiabetic therapies, particularly metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, for neurological benefit. As the global burden of diabetes and neurological disease escalates, it is crucial to better understand the interplay between metabolic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and neuro-immune pathways. The integration of insights across diseases may inform prevention strategies and support the development of therapeutic interventions at the metabolic-neurological interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1824840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:39:58Z","timestamp":1781757598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A convergence of global epidemics: diabetes as a modulator of neurodegenerative and neuro-inflammatory disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Louisa","family":"Leone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tighe J.","family":"Kiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University","place":["Chiba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Devenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital","place":["Camperdown, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRa), UNSW","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital","place":["Camperdown, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy Shin-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]},{"name":"The Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, NSW, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00299-2","article-title":"11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050","volume":"14","author":"Genitsaridi","year":"2026","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Comorbidities, and Emerging Therapies. 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