{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:31:02Z","timestamp":1786336262338,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric penetrating brain injuries (PBIs) represent a significant public health challenge among children, contributing substantially to global morbidity and mortality. The long-term complications following such trauma can profoundly affect the psychological and physical development of affected children. This study aims to investigate the risk factors associated with late complications resulting from penetrating brain injuries in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center retrospective cohort study included 30 children with PBIs. Among these, 19 cases involved penetrating brain injuries caused by metallic objects (such as rebar, nails, darts, and scissors), while the remaining 11 cases were due to wooden materials (such as branches and chopsticks). Clinical and laboratory data were collected and systematically analyzed. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on the variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the univariate analysis, the severity of brain-penetrating injury (OR\u202f=\u202f3.864,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.038) and the depth of penetration (OR\u202f=\u202f5.867,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001) are identified as significant risk factors for delayed complications. In the multivariate analysis, depth of penetration (OR 8.132,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.012) was identified as an independent risk factor for the incidence of delayed complications. Statistical analysis using Fisher\u2019s exact test revealed that the type of material (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003) and the entry point (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.018) are significant factors associated with late epilepsy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depth of penetration may be associated with late complications. The material of the injury and entry point are associated with the late epilepsy. However, due to the small sample size and limited control of confounding factors, this association is exploratory and requires confirmation through larger prospective or multicenter studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1832612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:22:39Z","timestamp":1786335759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for late complications in pediatric penetrating brain injuries: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Hospital of Unit 96608, PLA","place":["Hanzhong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaochun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Medical University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"539","article-title":"Head injury in children","volume":"50","author":"Mihi\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2012.05.003","article-title":"Pediatric head injuries","volume":"24","author":"Horswell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-014-2364-0","article-title":"Transorbital penetrating cerebral injury caused by a wooden stick: surgical nuances for removal of a foreign body lodged in cavernous sinus","volume":"30","author":"Borkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.3.0450","article-title":"Diffuse brain swelling in severely head-injured children. 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