{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:16:00Z","timestamp":1783487760476,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional cognitive disorders (FCD) are increasingly recognized but underdiagnosed. In sub-Saharan Africa, the topic is rarely discussed and the data is unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the epidemiological, clinical, and neuropsychological aspects of FCD in order to contribute to a better understanding of this etiological entity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective, multicenter, descriptive and analytical study. From 2018 to 2023, we included patients at least 18\u202fyears old, with no abnormalities in neurological examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging, presenting an internal inconsistency between reported symptoms and signs identified in neuropsychological evaluation. Cognitive deficits were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, which identifies three levels of impairment: mild (score 18\u201325), moderate (score 10\u201317), and severe (score &amp;lt; 10).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the study period, 25 cases of FCD were identified, representing 10.2% of the total. The most represented age group was 45\u201354\u202fyears old (52%) with an average age of 45.8\u202fyears. More than half of our patients (56%) had a university education level, and most of them worked in the public sector (48%) and the private sector (36%). Mental health disorders (52%) were the most common comorbidities. Memory disorders were the most common reason for consultation (72%). The mean MoCA test score was 23.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f5.9. The cognitive abilities most affected were memory (44%), attention (28.3%), and visuospatial\/executive function (28%). There were no sociodemographic or clinical factors associated with the patients\u2019 cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study, which is the first of its kind in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and one of the few in sub-Saharan Africa on this topic, could help expand and improve knowledge about FCD in sub-Saharan Africa, where data is extremely scarce, particularly in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1836371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:37:58Z","timestamp":1783485478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidimensional profile of functional cognitive disorders: the experience of the memory clinic in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kouam\u00e9 L\u00e9onard","family":"Kouassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assi Viviane","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u2019guessan Yves Constant","family":"Broh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawa Samuel","family":"Y\u00e9o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ange St\u00e9phane","family":"Abb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Affou\u00e9 Marie Roxane","family":"Beuseize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahya Nancy Tanya","family":"Essoin-De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isma\u00efla","family":"Diakit\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Doumbia-Ouattara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Felix Houphouet-Boigny University","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Yopougon","place":["Abidjan, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.50786.1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias: rising global burden and forecasted trends","volume":"10","author":"Javaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20160030","article-title":"Overview of neurocognitive disorders","volume":"15","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-643","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Beydoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/2348-9995.161378","article-title":"Reversible dementia in elderly: really uncommon?","volume":"2","author":"Chari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Geriatr Ment Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665510","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1665510","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder: diagnostic challenges, clinical features, and futures directions in a misunderstood condition","volume":"17","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurop.2024.100179","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder: beyond pseudodementia","volume":"5","author":"Mar\u00edn-Medina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Perspect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111447","article-title":"Clinical signs in functional cognitive disorders: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Cabreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12432","article-title":"Dementia in Africa: current evidence, knowledge gaps and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref9","year":""},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)","year":""},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150182","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder: a common cause of subjective cognitive symptoms","volume":"48","author":"Pennington","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-010006","article-title":"Prevalence of functional cognitive impairment and associated factors in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults","volume":"11","author":"Gondim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/pnp.509","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorders: memory clinic study","volume":"22","author":"Bharambe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150430","article-title":"Functional (psychogenic) cognitive disorders: a perspective from the neurology clinic","volume":"48","author":"Stone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6807","article-title":"A comparison of the prevalence of dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012","volume":"177","author":"Langa","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt133","article-title":"The role of early-life educational quality and literacy in explaining racial disparities in cognition in late life","volume":"70","author":"Sisco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2025.100204","article-title":"Dementia in sub-Saharan Africa: risk factors, public perception, and management approaches","volume":"7","author":"Alemayehu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Surg Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2023.02.004","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and differentiation from secondary causes of cognitive difficulties","volume":"41","author":"Cabreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa224","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder: dementia's blind spot","volume":"143","author":"Ball","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002535","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2019.1590190","article-title":"Clinical presentation and neuropsychological profiles of functional cognitive disorder patients with and without co-morbid depression","volume":"24","author":"Bhome","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852921000845","article-title":"Identifying functional cognitive disorder: a proposed diagnostic risk model","volume":"27","author":"McWhirter","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040131","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorder: diagnostic challenges and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Pennington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081082","article-title":"Functional cognitive disorders (FCD): how is metacognition involved?","volume":"11","author":"Larner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12206","article-title":"Neurocognitive functioning in patients with conversion disorder\/functional neurological disorder","volume":"15","author":"de Vroege","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2024.2322798","article-title":"The neuropsychology of functional neurological disorders","volume":"45","author":"Van Patten","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2017.21","article-title":"Distinctive neuropsychological profiles differentiate patients with functional memory disorder from patients with amnestic-mild cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"Wakefield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070669","article-title":"Verbal learning and memory deficits across neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: insights from an ENIGMA mega analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kennedy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101994","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.101994","article-title":"From anxiety, depression to major neurocognitive disorders: exploring their association with the risk factors for dementia","volume":"18","author":"Sulais","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1836371\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:38:17Z","timestamp":1783485497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1836371\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1836371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1836371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"article-number":"1836371"}}