{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:48:08Z","timestamp":1782362888078,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Source-space electroencephalography (EEG) provides a noninvasive approach for probing oscillatory activity in motor-cortical and cerebellar networks in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, electrophysiological evidence differentiating tremor-dominant (TD) and postural instability\/gait difficulty (PIGD) subtypes under a harmonized medication OFF\/ON protocol remains limited. We therefore examined whether TD and PIGD differ in medication-state modulation of motor-cortical low-beta power and cerebellum-related connectivity using 64-channel resting-state source-space EEG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We prospectively enrolled 12 healthy controls, 20 patients with PIGD, and 18 with TD. In a fixed OFF-to-ON sequence, participants underwent 64-channel eyes-closed resting-state EEG. Source-space power spectral density (PSD) and weighted phase lag index (wPLI) were computed for prespecified motor-cortical and cerebellar regions of interest. Primary effects were tested with linear mixed-effects models. Exploratory edge-wise analyses were controlled using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false discovery rate (BH-FDR), and network-level effects were assessed with network-based statistics (NBS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For the prespecified primary PSD endpoint, low-beta relative PSD in the primary motor cortex (M1) showed a significant group \u00d7 state interaction (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1)\u202f=\u202f5.84,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22121.45\u202fdB, 95% CI [\u22122.59, \u22120.32]). From OFF to ON, low-beta power increased in the PIGD group (+1.26\u202fdB, 95% CI [0.48, 2.04]) but showed little change in the TD group (\u22120.20\u202fdB, 95% CI [\u22121.02, 0.63]). This interaction remained stable in influence and leave-one-out analyses. The prespecified primary wPLI endpoint was not significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.153). In exploratory analyses, high-beta (21\u201335\u202fHz) \u0394wPLI between the right cerebellar Crus I and right lobule VI differed between subtypes and survived within-band edge-wise BH-FDR correction (\n                      <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.028), whereas NBS identified no significant network-level component.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tremor-dominant and PIGD showed distinct medication-state modulation of motor-cortical low-beta power, with M1 low-beta relative PSD emerging as the most consistent electrophysiological difference in this cohort. By contrast, cerebellum-related connectivity findings were limited to exploratory edge-wise effects and require independent replication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1841473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:21:26Z","timestamp":1782361286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct medication-state modulation of motor-cortical low-beta power in tremor-dominant and postural instability\/gait difficulty Parkinson\u2019s disease: a source-space resting-state EEG study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganqin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology","place":["Luoyang, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6233","article-title":"Parkinson disease subtypes","volume":"71","author":"Thenganatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0703","article-title":"New clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease and their longitudinal 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