{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:25:10Z","timestamp":1787117110610,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hobart \u201cHobey\u201d Baker (1892\u20131918) is one of the most celebrated amateur athletes in American history. The cause of his death in a plane crash at the end of WWI has been the subject of a longstanding debate. Contemporary scientific literature links repetitive head impacts (RHIs) with neurobehavioral dysregulation and impaired judgment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hobey Baker\u2019s exposure to repetitive head trauma impaired his judgment preceding and during his fatal final flight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This historical narrative analyzed biographical accounts of Baker\u2019s life, supplemented by contextual historical media sources. A parallel literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify contemporary evidence regarding RHIs, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) in contact athletes. The primary focus of this analysis was the historical record of Baker\u2019s exposure to head trauma, symptoms, and behaviors over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome(s) and measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome of this analysis was to review the existing literature on Hobey Baker, along with TES and CTE, in order to evaluate whether RHI contributed to Baker\u2019s untimely death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reports of Baker\u2019s numerous and severe head injuries, during a time when protective headgear was not common, indicate that he likely had sufficient RHI to cause significant damage to his brain. His slow descent from a kind, humble gentleman to a paranoid, irritable risk-taker illustrates the clinical manifestations of CTE, similar to those seen in modern-day athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baker remains immortalized as the archetype of the American amateur athlete\u2014skilled, humble, and courageous. However, the same fearlessness that defined his athletic greatness exposed him to repeated head trauma in an era devoid of protective equipment or concussion awareness. Modern neuroscience suggests that repetitive head trauma can produce neurobehavioral changes, including impulsivity, mood instability, apathy, and impaired judgment. Baker\u2019s documented exposure to head trauma, personality evolution, and fatal decision-making align with these patterns. We assert that the circumstances leading to his death were likely a result of the head trauma he experienced throughout his life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1842231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:39:09Z","timestamp":1787114349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consequences of repetitive head trauma: a historical reappraisal of Hobey Baker"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Grace C.","family":"Plassche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier E.","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan W.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest University","place":["Winston-Salem, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole R.","family":"Morrissette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Fortney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Hampshire Orthopedic Center","place":["Bedford, NH, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Popkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Popkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University","place":["New York, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Hobey Baker: American Legend","author":"Salvini","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The Legend of Hobey Baker","author":"Davies","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Hobey Baker: Upon Further Review: Exploring the Life and Death of a Hockey Immortal","author":"Rappleye","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.JNS121822","article-title":"Role of subconcussion in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"119","author":"Bailes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J 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