{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:04:55Z","timestamp":1789538695442,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004204","name":"Tongji University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate abnormalities in cortical activity and dynamic network mechanisms associated with proprioceptive processing after stroke. We integrated conventional hemodynamic features, latent-state organization, directed connectivity, and recovery-phase complexity analyses to explore multidimensional changes in cortical dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with stroke and healthy controls underwent baseline motor and sensory assessments and completed a block-designed proprioceptive task during fNIRS recording, consisting of six alternating 30-s stimulation and 30-s rest periods. After preprocessing, ROI-level oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) time series were extracted. Conventional temporal features included area under the curve (AUC), onset latency, peak amplitude, post-stimulus residual activation, recovery slope, and time-to-peak. Latent state analysis was performed using a Gaussian mixture model to derive fractional occupancy (FO), mean dwell time (MDT), and transition characteristics. Directed connectivity during prestimulus, stimulation, and recovery phases was assessed using a sliding-window multivariate autoregressive model with partial directed coherence (PDC). Recovery-phase dynamics were further quantified using sample entropy, mean multiscale entropy, recurrence rate (RR), determinism (DET), and mean diagonal line length (Lmean).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 62 participants, including 30 patients with stroke and 32 healthy controls, underwent a passive thumb movement task during fNIRS recording. Conventional HbO analysis showed that between-group differences were mainly confined to the left sensorimotor cortex, where the stroke group differed significantly from healthy controls in AUC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.023), peak amplitude (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.003), and recovery slope (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.018). No other ROI showed significant between-group differences, although marginal trends were observed in the right prefrontal and right sensorimotor cortices. Latent state analysis identified six states. Healthy controls more frequently occupied State 1 and State 5, whereas the stroke group more frequently occupied State 3 and State 6, and showed longer MDT in State 2 and State 3. Directed connectivity analysis revealed phase-dependent shifts in both groups, with the stroke group showing stronger prefrontal\u2013sensorimotor reorganization across prestimulus, stimulation, and recovery phases. Recovery-phase complexity analysis demonstrated significantly higher global RR, DET, and Lmean in the stroke group, whereas sample entropy and mean multiscale entropy did not remain significant after correction. ROI-level complexity differences did not survive multiple-comparison correction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abnormal proprioceptive processing after stroke is characterized not only by altered local activation, but also by dynamic state shifts, phase-specific reorganization of information flow, and increased regularity with reduced flexibility during recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1848276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:32:32Z","timestamp":1789536752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attenuated sensorimotor hemodynamic responses and altered cortical dynamics during passive proprioceptive-related stimulation after stroke: a multidimensional fNIRS study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyue","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006331","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd006331.pub2","article-title":"Interventions for sensory impairment in the upper limb after stroke","volume":"2010","author":"Doyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0662","article-title":"Frequency of discriminative sensory loss in the hand after stroke in a rehabilitation 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