{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:28:31Z","timestamp":1786512511412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RC2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ability to dress appropriately is a fundamental daily living skill that is often impaired by neurological disorders and can manifest as a specific form of apraxia (dressing apraxia). Despite its prevalence and impact on functional independence, standardized and reliable assessment tools for dressing skills remain limited. The aim of this study was to identify dressing patterns in healthy individuals and use them as a reference for introducing a new clinical tool to assess dressing skills.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted two studies, including seventy healthy participants (mean age\u202f=\u202f48.73\u202f\u00b1\u202f17.85\u202fyears; range\u202f=\u202f20\u201387) and 22 brain-damaged patients (21 with stroke, 1 with a neoplastic lesion; mean age\u202f=\u202f69.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f13.1\u202fyears; range\u202f=\u202f45\u201387). Dressing patterns for different garment types were identified among healthy participants and then used as a reference to assess dressing skills in brain-damaged patients using a 3-point rating scale across multiple garments, namely the MIlan Dressing Assessment (MIDA). Interrater reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Associations between dressing skills scores and demographic or clinical variables were assessed using Spearman correlations, while differences by lesion side and location, and neuropsychological deficits were examined using Mann\u2013Whitney U tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reliable dressing patterns were identified for eight garments in healthy participants; they were largely independent of demographic factors, though specific age-related variations emerged for five garments, and a sex-related difference was found for scarf wearing. Forty-five percent of brain-damaged patients presented with impaired ability to dress. In this clinical group, the MIDA demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC\u202f=\u202f0.93). Higher dressing skills scores were associated with lower neurological severity, greater functional independence, and better non-verbal reasoning skills. Dressing patterns differed in the presence of unilateral spatial neglect and constructional apraxia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MIDA offers a novel structured framework to evaluate dressing skills and assess patients\u2019 residual autonomy during this complex everyday activity. This exploratory study provides a foundation for future studies aimed at defining its broader feasibility and role in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1852682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:46:20Z","timestamp":1786509980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dressing patterns in healthy individuals and brain-damaged patients: the MIlan Dressing Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Banco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Guidali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Casati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Chessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.U. Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Vallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Bolognini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology & NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: the Barthel index","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"6","article-title":"The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation","volume":"1","author":"Keith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1241","article-title":"Apraxia","volume":"4","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315804545","volume-title":"Apraxia: The Neuropsychology of Action","author":"Rothi","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWH560","article-title":"Apraxia in movement disorders","volume":"128","author":"Zadikoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BANDL.2012.07.007","article-title":"Two action systems in the human brain","volume":"127","author":"Binkofski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2004.09.006","article-title":"Deficient internal models for planning hand\u2013object interactions in apraxia","volume":"43","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05442.x","article-title":"Higher-level motor processes","volume":"1191","author":"Rumiati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1585575","article-title":"Limb apraxia profiles in different clinical samples","volume":"34","author":"Buchmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CORTEX.2020.05.017","article-title":"Hugo Liepmann, Parkinson\u2019s disease and upper limb apraxia","volume":"131","author":"Heilman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001014","article-title":"Upper limb apraxia","volume":"27","author":"Heilman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-13180","article-title":"Limb apraxia","volume":"20","author":"Ochipa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3988\/JCN.2017.13.4.317","article-title":"Apraxia: review and update","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01391-6","article-title":"Apraxia: from neuroanatomical pathways to clinical manifestations","volume":"25","author":"Stoll","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63622-5.00016-4","article-title":"Constructional apraxia","volume":"151","author":"Gainotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/64.4.244","article-title":"Visual disorientation with special reference to lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere","volume":"64","author":"Brain","year":"1941","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/JNP.12389","article-title":"Body schema and body image as internal representations of the body, and their disorders. 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