{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:09:37Z","timestamp":1790258977791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke is heterogeneous, even among patients with similar lesion burden, clinical severity, and rehabilitation exposure. Neuroinflammation is a biologically plausible contributor, but evidence that inflammatory state modifies the effect of a specific rehabilitation treatment remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This structured narrative review, informed by the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), evaluates inflammatory biomarkers as candidate modifiers of response to therapeutic exercise, robotics, virtual reality (VR), telerehabilitation, and non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception through March 23, 2026. Eligibility, selection logic, evidence charting, and a population, intervention, comparator, and outcome framework are reported in tabular Supplementary Material. Evidence was classified as direct interventional, observational human, preclinical or mechanistic, or conceptual inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory state is not a simple harmful vs. beneficial binary: timing, persistence, cellular context, structural reserve, systemic physiology, and treatment dose shape interpretation. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid markers, including interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, and composite immune indices, can support clinically meaningful, longitudinal biological phenotyping, but sampling and assay heterogeneity limit clinical translation. A small randomized stroke study linking very early exercise, serial inflammatory changes, and functional outcomes provides emerging direct evidence, although it did not establish biomarker-defined treatment effect modification. For stroke, human biomarker and rehabilitation evidence is comparatively developed, but prospective interaction testing remains scarce. For TBI, evidence is substantially weaker and predominantly indirect or mechanistic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accordingly, the proposed multimodal framework is a hypothesis for prospective trial enrichment, not a validated treatment matching algorithm. Its clinical value depends on standardized serial sampling, dose documentation, rehabilitation-specific outcomes, and externally validated prospective interaction testing within conditions. No single blood test or panel can currently identify rehabilitation responders, and inflammation-guided treatment assignment is not ready for routine care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1854973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:52:05Z","timestamp":1790257925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory profiling for precision neurorehabilitation after traumatic brain injury and stroke: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Calderone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Ardizzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Faculty of Medicine, UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ciancarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila","place":["L'Aquila, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Morone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila","place":["L'Aquila, Italy"]},{"name":"LIFE Institute for Research and Health Care Santa Lucia IRCCS","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Cammaroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Rifici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","place":["Messina, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30444-7","article-title":"Global burden of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Badhiwala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00252-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"20","author":"GBD","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00307-6","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"21","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp043511","article-title":"Clinical practice. Rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"352","author":"Dobkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30415-6","article-title":"Advances and challenges in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Stinear","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001920","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001920.pub4","article-title":"Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke","volume":"2","author":"Todhunter-Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008","article-title":"Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: opportunities for therapeutic intervention","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Alsbrook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00904-7","article-title":"Revisiting the neurovascular unit","volume":"24","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980722","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.980722","article-title":"Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after stroke","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11708","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111708","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation in shaping neuroplasticity and recovery outcomes following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Calderone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8552","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110539","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the evolution of motor function in stroke and trauma patients: treatment and potential biomarkers","volume":"45","author":"Larrea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491952","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1491952","article-title":"Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders","volume":"18","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010014","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia and ischemia\/reperfusion injuries: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies","volume":"23","author":"Jurcau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6260","article-title":"Inflammatory neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury","volume":"353","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2018.02.003","article-title":"Current understanding of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury and cell-based therapeutic opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.125","article-title":"Inflammatory risk factors, biomarkers and associated therapy in ischaemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Esenwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_18_17","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: a chronic response to an acute injury","volume":"3","author":"Schimmel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15959","article-title":"Fundamental neurochemistry review: microglial immunometabolism in traumatic brain injury","volume":"167","author":"Strogulski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825086","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.825086","article-title":"Microglia and neuroinflammation: crucial pathological mechanisms in traumatic brain injury-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0319-5","article-title":"Chronic neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury: alzheimer disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or persistent neuroinflammation?","volume":"12","author":"Faden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1359-19.2019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids improve poststroke recovery via immunological mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Sadler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01379-7","article-title":"Cholesterol metabolic reprogramming mediates microglia-induced chronic neuroinflammation and hinders neurorestoration following stroke","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00060-6","article-title":"Recovery from stroke: current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Grefkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1003399","article-title":"Brain repair after stroke","volume":"362","author":"Cramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0709","article-title":"Training and exercise to drive poststroke recovery","volume":"4","author":"Dobkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"90","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: an exercise immunology perspective","volume":"28","author":"Singaravelu Jaganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4304-8_9","article-title":"Clinical evidence of exercise benefits for stroke","volume":"1000","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02021-1","article-title":"A review of exercise-induced neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke: pathology and mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608581","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/608581","article-title":"Physical exercise as a diagnostic, rehabilitation, and preventive tool: influence on neuroplasticity and motor recovery after stroke","volume":"2015","author":"Pin-Barre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.01.030","article-title":"Voluntary exercise following traumatic brain injury: brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation and recovery of function","volume":"125","author":"Griesbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04132-5","article-title":"Effects of very early exercise on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Ademoyegun","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000002201","article-title":"Exercise promotes neurological recovery by enhancing neuroplasticity and the spinal cord compensation in stroke-affected rats","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071985","article-title":"Influence of high-intensity interval training on neuroplasticity markers in post-stroke patients: systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Montero-Almagro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411307","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1411307","article-title":"Blood-based protein biomarkers during the acute ischemic stroke treatment window: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Rahmig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3390\/life11101103","article-title":"Acute inflammation in cerebrovascular disease: a critical reappraisal with focus on human studies","volume":"11","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7928","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167928","article-title":"Immunological and inflammatory biomarkers in the prognosis, prevention, and treatment of ischemic stroke","volume":"26","author":"Iordache","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11545","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411545","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of stroke blood biomarkers: early diagnosis, ischemic vs. haemorrhagic differentiation and haemorrhagic transformation risk: a comprehensive review","volume":"24","author":"di Biase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1928","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011742","article-title":"Blood biomarkers to differentiate ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes","volume":"96","author":"Bustamante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02467-1","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and YKL-40 predicted recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke or TIA: analysis of 6 inflammation biomarkers in a prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.047820","article-title":"Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and recurrence after stroke: a time-course analysis of individual-participant data","volume":"55","author":"McCabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040529","article-title":"C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and vascular recurrence after stroke: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"McCabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447355","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1447355","article-title":"Copeptin as biomarker for acute ischemic stroke prognosis and revascularization treatment efficacy","volume":"15","author":"Vasile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2022.0045","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of copeptin in patients with acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Blek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol J."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108076","article-title":"Association between systemic inflammatory markers and all-cause mortality in patients with stroke: a prospective study using data from the UK biobank","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686621","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1686621","article-title":"Association between systemic immune-inflammation index at admission and post-stroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-026-00878-5","article-title":"Admission systemic immune-inflammatory index predicts long-term mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00744-5","article-title":"Neurovascular unit as a source of ischemic stroke biomarkers-limitations of experimental studies and perspectives for clinical application","volume":"11","author":"Steliga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-017-0537-3","article-title":"Biomarkers of acute stroke etiology (BASE) study methodology","volume":"8","author":"Jauch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.036","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers of inflammation in mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"132","author":"Visser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020293","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the inflammatory biomarkers in mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Mavroudis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0581","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for improved characterization of traumatic brain injury: recommendations from the 2024 national institute for neurological disorders and stroke traumatic brain injury classification and nomenclature initiative blood-based biomarkers working group","volume":"42","author":"Bazarian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738221107081","article-title":"Biomarkers of neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Gerber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Nurs Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.08.073","article-title":"The clinical use of serum biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review stratified by injury severity","volume":"155","author":"Al-Adli","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.01.001","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury: state of art","volume":"67","author":"Sapin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.10.010","article-title":"Neurochemical markers of traumatic brain injury: relevance to acute diagnostics, disease monitoring, and neuropsychiatric outcome prediction","volume":"91","author":"Shahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5182","article-title":"Blood-based protein biomarkers for the management of traumatic brain injuries in adults presenting to emergency departments with mild brain injury: a living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Mondello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01024-z","article-title":"Fluid biomarkers of chronic traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Friberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446076","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1446076","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: molecular biomarkers, genetics, secondary consequences, and medical management","volume":"18","author":"Lipsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698206","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.698206","article-title":"Developing biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury: promise and progress of CNS-derived exosomes","volume":"12","author":"Vaughn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-022-01786-4","article-title":"The prognostic significance of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid following severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Hvingelby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2024.2396017","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic utility of oxidative stress circulatory biomarkers in traumatic brain injury patients: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"McDonnell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0620","article-title":"Prognostic value of blood-based protein biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: a living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Mondello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-022-01827-y","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a prognostic biomarker of clinical outcomes after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Ooi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39007","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039007","article-title":"Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio in critically ill patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"103","author":"Arslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439318","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1439318","article-title":"Trajectories of systemic immune inflammation index and mortality risk in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.011","article-title":"TBI Rehabilomics research: conceptualizing a humoral triad for designing effective rehabilitation interventions","volume":"145","author":"Wagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01662-4","article-title":"Upper limb robotic rehabilitation following stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating efficacy and the influence of device features and program parameters","volume":"22","author":"Boardsworth","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.06625-9","article-title":"Systematic review of guidelines to identify recommendations for upper limb robotic rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"57","author":"Morone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.048183","article-title":"Effects of robot-assisted therapy for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: an umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2024.100387","article-title":"Efficacy of robot-assisted training on upper limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.02.004","article-title":"Efficacy of robot-assisted training on rehabilitation of upper limb function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.06887-8","article-title":"Robotic-assisted gait rehabilitation following stroke: a systematic review of current guidelines and practical clinical recommendations","volume":"57","author":"Calabr\u00f2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2022.101674","article-title":"Effect of wearable exoskeleton on post-stroke gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106960","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based telerehabilitation for stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2024.2392439","article-title":"Telerehabilitation in post-stroke care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Pitliya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10867","DOI":"10.2196\/10867","article-title":"Telerehabilitation for stroke survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Tchero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.013","article-title":"Tele-rehabilitation after stroke: an updated systematic review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Sarfo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12988","article-title":"Telerehabilitation service impact on physical function and adherence compared to face-to-face rehabilitation in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sharififar","year":"2023","journal-title":"PM R."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010050","article-title":"Telerehabilitation and its impact following stroke: an umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"14","author":"Alwadai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70040","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.70040","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy for upper limb motor impairments in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Villarroel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071478","article-title":"Virtual reality in neurorehabilitation: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Voinescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08000-5","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of different protocols of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation on motor function, activities of daily living, and neurological function in patients with early stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.07.010","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with low risk of bias","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940467","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.940467","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper-limb and finger function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586685","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1586685","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with different rehabilitation interventions on motor function in people suffering from stroke-related symptoms: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197422","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1197422","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation","volume":"14","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009645","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009645.pub4","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke","volume":"11","author":"Elsner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02624-3","article-title":"Effects and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation on multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1481526","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and suppression of contralesional primary motor cortex post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2023.2211457","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on lower limb function, balance and quality of life after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Res."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10142-9","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"268","author":"Marchina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.008","article-title":"A systematic review of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in aphasia rehabilitation: leads for future studies","volume":"127","author":"Arheix-Parras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03726-9","article-title":"The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function in post-stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75194","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.75194","article-title":"Effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation on executive function, attention, and memory in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2024.12.018","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation strategies for poststroke dysphagia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348695","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1348695","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke non-fluent aphasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000416","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurologist."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121678","article-title":"Innovative technologies in the neurorehabilitation of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Bonanno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7680","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247680","article-title":"Use of virtual reality in patients with acquired brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Calderone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.012","article-title":"Virtual reality for balance and mobility rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"105","author":"Alashram","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608645","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1608645","article-title":"A comprehensive review of rehabilitation approaches for traumatic brain injury: efficacy and outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-023-09981-1","article-title":"Level of evidence of telehealth rehabilitation and behavioral health services for traumatic brain injury: a scoping review","volume":"31","author":"Conklin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00241","article-title":"Technologies used to facilitate remote rehabilitation of adults with deconditioning, musculoskeletal conditions, stroke, or traumatic brain injury: an umbrella review","volume":"20","author":"Edwards","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45458","DOI":"10.2196\/45458","article-title":"Benefits of telerehabilitation for patients with severe acquired brain injury: promising results from a multicenter randomized controlled trial using nonimmersive virtual reality","volume":"25","author":"Calabr\u00f2","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020438","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and neuromodulation techniques in rehabilitation: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Calderone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_926_2024","article-title":"Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Aleid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07530-8","article-title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training in traumatic brain injury with cognition disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111594","article-title":"Non-invasive systems application in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Popa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13159","article-title":"A prospective, multicenter study to assess the safety and efficacy of translingual neurostimulation plus physical therapy for the treatment of a chronic balance deficit due to mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Ptito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.488","article-title":"PREP2: a biomarker-based algorithm for predicting upper limb function after stroke","volume":"4","author":"Stinear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316662708","article-title":"Can neurological biomarkers of brain impairment be used to predict poststroke motor recovery? A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9265621","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9265621","article-title":"MRI biomarkers for hand-motor outcome prediction and therapy monitoring following stroke","volume":"2016","author":"Horn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683241270056","article-title":"Prediction of upper limb motor recovery by the PREP2 algorithm in a non-selected population: external validation and influence of cognitive syndromes","volume":"38","author":"Millot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200517","article-title":"Observational study of neuroimaging biomarkers of severe upper limb impairment after stroke","volume":"99","author":"Hayward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.06.003","article-title":"Biomarkers of motor outcomes after stroke","volume":"35","author":"Ackerley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103349","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1103349","article-title":"Rehabilomics: a state-of-the-art review of framework, application, and future considerations","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0791-5","article-title":"TBI rehabilomics research: an exemplar of a biomarker-based approach to precision care for populations with disability","volume":"17","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00863-x","article-title":"Utilization of wearable technology to assess gait and mobility post-stroke: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2023.100315","article-title":"External validation of a dynamic prediction model for upper limb function after stroke","volume":"6","author":"Brunner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.2024.J094","article-title":"Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index and systemic inflammatory response index on functional status and mortality in patients with critical acute ischemic stroke","volume":"265","author":"Arslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1854973\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:52:07Z","timestamp":1790257927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1854973\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1854973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1854973","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"article-number":"1854973"}}