{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:03:52Z","timestamp":1779685432710,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Changes in muscle tone after stroke may influence upper limb (UL) motor recovery and quality of life (QoL), but their relationship remains unclear. This study evaluated associations between muscle tone changes, UL motor function, and QoL in patients undergoing subacute stroke rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial including 58 patients in the subacute phase after stroke. UL motor function was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-UE) and Box and Blocks Test (BBT), muscle tone using myotonometry, and QoL using the EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Correlations between changes in these parameters were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most changes in muscle tone were not significantly associated with improvements in upper limb motor function or quality of life. Only isolated, weak correlations were observed, including negative associations between changes in the total score of the Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity and changes in relaxation time of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle measured using myotonometry (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.32,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.016) and the logarithmic decrement (elasticity) of the wrist flexor muscles (flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris) measured using myotonometry (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.26,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.046), as well as between changes in the BBT and changes in the creep parameter of the latissimus dorsi muscle measured using myotonometry (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22120.31,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.017).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UL motor recovery may occur largely independently of changes in muscle tone and is more closely associated with QoL. Rehabilitation should prioritise motor control and functional performance rather than focusing primarily on tone reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1857094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T04:42:52Z","timestamp":1779684172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of upper limb motor function with muscle tone changes and quality of life in the subacute phase after stroke: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Moskiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy in Motor Organ Dysfunction and Kinesiology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]},{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital \u2013 Emergency Medicine Centre","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ko\u0142odziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences","place":["Wroclaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Mikulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGZOTech Sp. z o.o.","place":["Gliwice, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Sarzy\u0144ska-D\u0142ugosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology","place":["Warsaw, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global burden of stroke","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.07.023","article-title":"Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke","volume":"76","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World stroke organization: global stroke fact sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.6.1279","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation","volume":"377","author":"Langhorne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21S","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311410941","article-title":"Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: common clinical deficits","volume":"25","author":"Sathian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"422","volume-title":"Objawy kliniczne w neurologii","author":"Campbell","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-510x(03)00169-2","article-title":"Chronic stroke motor recovery: duration of active neuromuscular stimulation","volume":"215","author":"Cauraugh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhl.2022.100264","article-title":"Prevalence of post-stroke upper extremity paresis in developing countries and significance of m-health for rehabilitation after stroke - a review","volume":"23","author":"Dutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500301584","article-title":"Distribution of weakness in the upper and lower limbs post-stroke","volume":"28","author":"Tyson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087172.16305.CD","article-title":"Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke","volume":"34","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511420305","article-title":"Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Coupar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00120","article-title":"Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.5.1329","article-title":"Prolonged muscular flaccidity after stroke. 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