{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:14:54Z","timestamp":1788963294582,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms associated with dysfunction of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical networks. Because current treatments remain largely symptomatic, there is increasing interest in adjunctive rehabilitation strategies capable of targeting disease-relevant neural activity more directly. Neurofeedback (NF), delivered through electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), or deep brain stimulation (DBS)-guided platforms, has emerged as a potential self-regulation-based neuromodulatory approach in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review aimed to summarize the current empirical evidence on neurofeedback in Parkinson\u2019s disease, with particular attention to neurophysiological feasibility, reported clinical effects, and methodological and translational challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Empirical studies published in English between 2002 and 2026 investigating EEG-based, fMRI-based, or DBS-guided neurofeedback in patients with idiopathic PD were considered. The review qualitatively synthesized findings related to neural target modulation and motor and non-motor outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen empirical studies were identified, across EEG-based, fMRI-based, and DBS-guided neurofeedback paradigms. EEG-based protocols represented the largest body of evidence and suggested that at least some patients with PD can achieve partial self-regulation of cortical targets such as sensorimotor rhythms, mu\/beta activity, and movement-related cortical potentials. However, associated clinical effects were heterogeneous and generally preliminary. fMRI-based studies supported the feasibility of regulating disease-relevant motor regions and connectivity-based targets, including the supplementary motor area and basal ganglia-related networks, but consistent clinical superiority over active control conditions has not been established. DBS-guided neurofeedback provided the strongest pathophysiological specificity, showing that implanted patients can voluntarily modulate subthalamic beta activity, with preliminary evidence of benefit in selected movement-related outcomes. Across modalities, neurophysiological feasibility appeared more consistently supported than robust clinical efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurofeedback represents a promising and mechanistically grounded adjunctive rehabilitation strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Current evidence indicates that self-regulation of disease-relevant neural signals is feasible in at least a subset of patients, but clinical effectiveness remains uncertain because of small samples, methodological heterogeneity, and limited replication. Future research should prioritize standardized protocols, adequately powered randomized trials, longer follow-up, and better integration of neurofeedback with established pharmacological, rehabilitative, and device-based treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1866195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:48:25Z","timestamp":1788961705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurofeedback as an emerging rehabilitation strategy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Diotaiuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health\/University of Cassino and Southern Lazio","place":["Cassino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Siena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health\/University of Cassino and Southern Lazio","place":["Cassino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health\/University of Cassino and Southern Lazio","place":["Cassino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Vilarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Sports Science Center \u2013 CEFID\/Santa Catarina State University \u2013 UDESC","place":["Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"D\u2019Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Sports Science Center \u2013 CEFID\/Santa Catarina State University \u2013 UDESC","place":["Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandro","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Sports Science Center \u2013 CEFID\/Santa Catarina State University \u2013 UDESC","place":["Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Mancone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health\/University of Cassino and Southern Lazio","place":["Cassino, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: A 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