{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:19:56Z","timestamp":1783523996266,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital health technology measurements show promise as objective biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease. However, their sensitivity and consistency across early disease stages remain poorly defined, which currently limits their utility in clinical trial design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various DHT measures within tremor, bradykinesia, and axial symptom domains, in differentiating early stage PD from healthy controls and in monitoring short-term disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we examined a range of tremor, bradykinesia, and axial symptom measures across age-matched healthy volunteers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f45), newly diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease patients (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f54), and participants after 12\u202fmonths of follow-up (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f40) from WATCH-PD, a multicenter, observational study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings reveal distinct categories of functional measures: some effectively differentiate healthy controls from patients with recent Parkinson\u2019s diagnosis but show limited sensitivity to early progression, while others are insensitive to initial diagnosis yet capture longitudinal change. Models trained on disease-stage specific feature sets were most effective for their intended task, with the performance gain over combined features being more pronounced for progression detection (\u2206AUC\u202f=\u202f0.15, \u2206Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.72).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the need to align composite digital biomarker design and feature selection to both disease stage and clinical objective, and suggest that adaptive, symptom- and side specific DHT measures may enhance sensitivity in trial population selection and short-term progression monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1869945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:04:01Z","timestamp":1783523041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-specific digital health technology biomarkers enhance diagnostic and early progression detection in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Czech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Zadikoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weining","family":"Robieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Crouthamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Quinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Cosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Ray","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center","place":["Rochester, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Nevler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie","place":["North Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00060-0","article-title":"Challenges of modifying disease progression in prediagnostic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Salat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S407","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230354","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for disease modification in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: how early should we be?","volume":"14","author":"Mahlknecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1552-2","article-title":"CSF biomarkers associated with disease heterogeneity in early Parkinson\u2019s disease: the Parkinson\u2019s progression markers initiative study","volume":"131","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00907-2","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus conceptual model of meaningful symptoms and functional impacts in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Mammen","year":"","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09348-3","article-title":"Does the MDS-UPDRS provide the precision to assess progression in early Parkinson\u2019s disease? 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