{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:37:51Z","timestamp":1787236671212,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine is a complex neurological disorder that is not limited to headache attacks; it can affect cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes. This study aims to examine whether individuals with episodic migraine and healthy controls differ in impulsivity and decision-making styles and to evaluate the relationships among these variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included patients with episodic migraine and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All assessments were performed during the interictal period. Impulsivity was assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), decision-making styles using the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ), migraine disability using the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), depression using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and anxiety levels using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). In addition to between-group comparisons, correlation, hierarchical regression, and exploratory cross-sectional indirect-association (mediation) analyses were performed. The mediation analyses were cross-sectional and exploratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 200 participants (100 patients with episodic migraine and 100 healthy controls) were included. In the migraine group, levels of impulsivity (BIS-11), depression (BDI), and anxiety (GAD-7) were found to be significantly higher compared to healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001 for all comparisons). The maladaptive decision-making styles of hypervigilance, procrastination, and buck-passing were significantly increased in the migraine group; the only style for which no significant between-group difference was found was vigilance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.098). Correlation analyses revealed a positive relationship between total impulsivity scores and procrastination (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.478,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and buck-passing (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.412,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Exploratory indirect-association analyses indicated that the relationships between migraine and procrastination and buck-passing were expressed as indirect statistical associations operating through impulsivity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001 for both).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with episodic migraine showed higher impulsivity, anxiety, and some maladaptive decision-making styles than healthy controls. Exploratory analyses suggest that some of the decision-making style differences observed between individuals with migraine and healthy controls may be associated with accompanying psychological characteristics such as impulsivity, rather than being attributable directly to the migraine diagnosis. However, because these findings are based on cross-sectional data, they should not be interpreted as causal mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1885833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:46:41Z","timestamp":1786542401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between impulsivity and decision-making styles in individuals with episodic migraine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ayd\u0131n Talip","family":"Y\u0131ldo\u011fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University","place":["Nigde, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"\u0130\u015fcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Adana Dr Turgut Noyan Training and Research Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University","place":["Adana, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramazan","family":"\u015eencan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaziantep City Hospital","place":["Gaziantep, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dervi\u015f","family":"Topuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ni\u011fde Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Health Services, Ni\u011fde \u00d6mer Halisdemir University","place":["Ni\u011fde, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fettah","family":"Eren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686288","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1686288","article-title":"The global and regional burden and trends of migraine from 1990 to 2021: global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02112-1","article-title":"Impact of migraine on productivity and efficiency among adult population in India: a scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Saha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331024251368328","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024251368328","article-title":"Deciphering the mechanisms: pathophysiology of migraine-related cognitive dysfunction","volume":"45","author":"Fernandes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00240-5","article-title":"Structural and functional brain changes in migraine","volume":"10","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439437","DOI":"10.1080\/27706710.2024.2439437","article-title":"Migraine and cognitive impairment: the interconnected processes","volume":"3","author":"Choudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Appar Commun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00930-9","article-title":"Inside the impulsive brain: a narrative review on the role of neurobiological, hormonal and genetic factors influencing impulsivity in psychiatric disorders","volume":"61","author":"Raji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85649","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85649","article-title":"Quality of life and prevalence of impulsivity in females with migraine headaches","volume":"17","author":"Husni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331024231180564","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231180564","article-title":"Neurological and psychiatric comorbidities of migraine: concepts and future perspectives","volume":"43","author":"Pelzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. 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