{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:30Z","timestamp":1788415950940,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research sought to determine the prognostic utility of the leuko-glycemic index (LGI) in predicting surgical outcomes following spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and to establish its potential role in clinical outcome assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was performed using medical records of spontaneous ICH patients who received surgical intervention at Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital between January 2013 and December 2023. Patients were stratified into two cohorts according to their 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and postoperative prognosis were examined, and a predictive framework was constructed. The discriminatory power and optimal threshold of LGI were determined via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 720 enrolled postoperative ICH patients, 224 (31.11%) achieved a favorable prognosis, while 496 (68.89%) had an unfavorable outcome. Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant disparities in several variables: age, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, GCS score at admission, timing of surgical intervention, LGI, serum potassium, blood glucose, and heart rate. Binary logistic regression identified LGI (OR, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.004\u20131.013;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) as an independent predictor of unfavorable prognosis after ICH surgery. An LGI exceeding 98.38 is associated with a higher likelihood of poor functional recovery, whereas a GCS score of 9 or more tends to predict a more favorable outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both preoperative LGI and admission GCS score serve as reliable indicators of clinical prognosis in spontaneous ICH patients undergoing neurosurgical operation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1887070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:14:38Z","timestamp":1788412478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The predictive value of the leuko-glycemic index in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients undergoing neurosurgical operation: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Sterile Supply, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingchao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.03.032","article-title":"Prognostic value of peripheral leukocyte counts and plasma glucose in intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Kayhanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013627","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts the outcome of acute intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"47","author":"Lattanzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79571-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting early acute hydrocephalus after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a single-center retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6562","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206562","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers in intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-160","article-title":"Peripheral leukocyte counts and outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072037","article-title":"Elevated leukocyte glucose index is associated with long-term arteriovenous fistula failure in Dialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Mure\u0219an","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221145089","article-title":"CNS-peripheral immune interactions in hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190544","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1190544","article-title":"Preoperative systemic immune-inflammation index may predict prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients with spontaneous basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage undergoing surgical operation","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0315333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315333","article-title":"Potential blood biomarkers that can be used as prognosticators of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sasongko","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18786-5","article-title":"Leukocyte glucose index as a novel biomarker for COVID-19 severity","volume":"12","author":"Ramos-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.22037\/aaem.v11i1.1915","article-title":"Prognostic value of the Leuko-glycemic index in acute myocardial infarction;a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-023-01994-6","article-title":"Does preventive external ventricular drainage benefit patients with mild ventricular hemorrhage?","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2024.108700","article-title":"Non-vascular structural-related intraventricular hemorrhage: epidemiology and literature review","volume":"249","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71071","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.71071","article-title":"Topographical patterns of intraventricular hemorrhage as a novel prognostic imaging biomarker in intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537585","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1537585","article-title":"Association between leuko-glycemic index and mortality in critically ill patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: analysis of the MIMIC-IV database","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.8.JNS08445","article-title":"Hypertension and diabetes as predictors of early death after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"110","author":"Tetri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06572","article-title":"Neutrophil membrane-derived Nanovesicles alleviate inflammation to protect mouse brain injury from ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04220-6","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-albumin ratio as a predictor of mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01716-2","article-title":"White blood cell count predicts mortality in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.11.087","article-title":"Increased short-term mortality in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and its association with admission glucose levels and leukocytosis","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.12.033","article-title":"White blood cell count and clinical outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT2 trial","volume":"361","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553263","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1553263","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of prognosis in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03490-2","article-title":"Clinical value of the low-grade inflammation score in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1887070\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:14:39Z","timestamp":1788412479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1887070\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1887070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1887070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1887070"}}