{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:59:23Z","timestamp":1790657963443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Impaired motor automaticity in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) may increase reliance on visual feedback, but its role in stabilizing repetitive movements remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the effect of eye closure on finger tapping and identify performance features reflecting visual dependence in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five individuals with PD (74.0\u202f\u00b1\u202f6.6\u202fyears; 21 women) and 20 age-matched healthy controls (HC; 74.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f5.5\u202fyears; 13 women) performed 10-s index finger\u2013to\u2013thumb tapping under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. A wearable device recorded metacarpophalangeal flexion\u2013extension angles at 1\u202fkHz, with 30-Hz low-pass filtering. Six metrics were computed: the mean and variability of amplitude, velocity, and inter-peak interval. Eye-closure effects were estimated as r\u202f=\u202fln(closed\/open) and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model with group, side, age, and sex as fixed effects and subject as a random intercept.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A nominal group effect was observed only for interval variability (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0337), whereas no group effects were observed for the other metrics. Eye closure was associated with a numerical increase in interval variability in the PD group (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0) and a numerical decrease in the HC group (r\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0); however, the corresponding within-group comparisons did not reach statistical significance (PD:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.077; HC:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.081).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The opposing numerical changes in tapping-interval variability in the PD and HC groups raise the possibility that visual input may contribute differently to temporal stability during repetitive movements in the two groups, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1887146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:44:17Z","timestamp":1790657057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eyes-closed finger-tapping task for assessing visual dependence in temporal motor control in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahito","family":"Miki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshimasa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genko","family":"Oyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23730","article-title":"Bradykinesia: why do Parkinson\u2019s patients have it and what trouble does it 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