{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:53:50Z","timestamp":1791176030534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Almost all AIS survivors suffer physical disabilities and neuropsychiatric disturbances, among which poststroke depression (PSD) is a typical poststroke complication. The development of new tools to diagnose PSD at the early stage and predict its long-term outcome has attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers. Neuroinflammation has been increasingly considered a critical modulator of stroke evolution. Following an IS, an inflammatory response arises in the CNS, characterized by the activation of microglia; the recruitment of peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes; and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we present a comprehensive and critical examination of the diagnostic and predictive roles of inflammatory indicators, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), in PSD. A systematic literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI was performed up to January 31, 2026. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS), and heterogeneity was evaluated using the\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic. Nine original studies involving 2,626 patients were included. Compared with non-PSD (NPSD) patients, PSD patients had a significantly greater NLR (\n                    <jats:italic>MD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.47, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    [0.39, 0.56],\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 49%), PLR (\n                    <jats:italic>MD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 20.79, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    [12.25, 29.33],\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 90%), and SII (\n                    <jats:italic>MD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 123.92, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    [68.85, 178.98],\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 70%) and a significantly lower LMR (\n                    <jats:italic>MD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22120.21, 95%\n                    <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\u22120.34, \u22120.08],\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 64%). Most included studies were rated as moderate-to-high quality on the basis of their NOS scores. These findings suggest that the NLR, PLR, LMR, and SII may serve as accessible peripheral blood biomarkers for early risk assessment of PSD, although further research is needed to establish optimal cutoff values and validate their predictive utility across different stroke subtypes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1890435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:32:33Z","timestamp":1791174753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictive roles of inflammatory indicators (NLR, PLR, LMR and SII) in poststroke depression rehabilitation: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Pain Management, Chengdu Jinniu District People's Hospital","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Pain Management, Chengdu Jinniu District People's Hospital","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World stroke organization: global stroke fact sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Stroke Feb"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004200","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of depression after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13503","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of poststroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403610","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1403610","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of dysphagia after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011","article-title":"Post-stroke depression: a 2020 updated review","volume":"66","author":"Medeiros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01308-9","article-title":"Post-stroke everything","volume":"23","author":"Lekoubou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03744-7","article-title":"Validity of evaluation scales for post-stroke depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016700","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1016700","article-title":"Homocysteine level at the acute stage of ischemic stroke as a biomarker of poststroke depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10597-4","article-title":"The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update","volume":"269","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7409","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197409","article-title":"Genetic aspects of inflammation and immune response in stroke","volume":"21","author":"Nikolic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2025.112050","article-title":"Association between serum inflammatory cytokines levels and post-stroke depression among stroke patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"190","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425168","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1425168","article-title":"C-reactive protein: structure, function, regulation, and role in clinical diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5152\/alphapsychiatry.2024.231338","article-title":"Increased C-reactive protein in patients with post-stroke depression: a meta-analysis of cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alpha Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081433","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index and related hematologic markers as prognostic tools in type 2 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Cosma-L\u0103zuran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e060391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060391","article-title":"Accuracy of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2020-0274","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index is a novel marker to predict functionally significant coronary artery stenosis","volume":"14","author":"Erdogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2021-0024","article-title":"Predictive value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Karauzum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.62347\/ENAP1762","article-title":"Correlations of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and acute physiology, and chronic health evaluation II score with prognosis of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory failure","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S418106","article-title":"The association of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and systemic inflammation response index with short-term functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000464","article-title":"Increased systemic immune-inflammation index predicts disease severity and functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2024.0203","article-title":"Inflammatory pathogenesis of post-stroke depression","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1429","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample standard deviation from the five-number summary","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802231172043","article-title":"Detecting the skewness of data from the five-number summary and its application in meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686621","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1686621","article-title":"Association between systemic immune-inflammation index at admission and post-stroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"16","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.08.026","article-title":"The association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and post-stroke depression","volume":"486","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.012","article-title":"High platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with post-stroke depression","volume":"246","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8514","article-title":"Elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios predict post-stroke depression with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108688","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v15.i11.108688","article-title":"Influencing factors and construction of a nomogram for post-stroke depression in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S314131","article-title":"The association between systemic inflammatory markers and post-stroke depression: a prospective stroke cohort","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000631","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1000631","article-title":"The potential risk factors of early-onset post-stroke depression from immuno-inflammatory perspective","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04090-y","article-title":"Influencing factors and predictive models of early post-stroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S299462","article-title":"Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with depression 3 months after stroke","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102488","article-title":"Neutrophil biology in injuries and diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems","volume":"228","author":"Balog","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.45","article-title":"Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies","volume":"35","author":"Jickling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04171-3","article-title":"DL-3-n-butylphthalide ameliorates post-stroke emotional disorders by suppressing neuroinflammation and PANoptosis","volume":"49","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.021","article-title":"Interleukin-17 in post-stroke neurodegeneration","volume":"37","author":"Swardfager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev Mar"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040416","article-title":"Composition and function of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230308090351","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury: friend and foe","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.09.018","article-title":"Lcn2 from neutrophil extracellular traps induces astrogliosis and post-stroke emotional disorders","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadt6632","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt6632","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived CCL5-mediated CCR5(+) neutrophil infiltration drives depression pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00686","article-title":"Autoimmunity after ischemic stroke and brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Javidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1385\/NMM:7:3:229","article-title":"Stroke and T-cells","volume":"7","author":"Arumugam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593046","article-title":"Role of T lymphocytes and interferon-gamma in ischemic stroke","volume":"113","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07344-8","article-title":"CD4 + T lymphocyte and cytokine profiles in depressive disorders","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-023-00994-4","article-title":"Thromboinflammatory challenges in stroke pathophysiology","volume":"45","author":"Szepanowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01379-8","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps mediated by platelet microvesicles promote thrombosis and brain injury in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.691279","article-title":"Targeting platelets in acute experimental stroke: impact of glycoprotein Ib, VI, and IIb\/IIIa blockade on infarct size, functional outcome, and intracranial bleeding","volume":"115","author":"Kleinschnitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.09.005","article-title":"Targeting Rap1b signaling cascades with CDNF: mitigating platelet activation, plasma oxylipins and reperfusion injury in stroke","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000689","article-title":"Platelet serotonin signaling in patients with cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression","volume":"81","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.12.009","article-title":"Major depression induces oxidative stress and platelet hyperaggregability","volume":"61","author":"Ormonde do Carmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.10029","article-title":"Independent and interactive associations of inflammation, vascular homeostasis markers, and childhood trauma with suicide attempt history","volume":"68","author":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.038701","article-title":"Delayed infiltration of peripheral monocyte contributes to phagocytosis and transneuronal degeneration in chronic stroke","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009426","article-title":"Evidence that Ly6C(hi) monocytes are protective in acute ischemic stroke by promoting M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"46","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20909055","article-title":"CCR2 deficiency in monocytes impairs angiogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"40","author":"Pedragosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01521-1","article-title":"Monocyte-derived IL-6 programs microglia to rebuild damaged brain vasculature","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4317-15.2016","article-title":"Monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to spontaneous long-term functional recovery after stroke in mice","volume":"36","author":"Wattananit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02693","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory monocyte phenotype and cell-specific steroid signaling alterations in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Hasselmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00812","article-title":"Abnormal distribution and function of circulating monocytes and enhanced bacterial translocation in major depressive disorder","volume":"10","author":"Alvarez-Mon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab194","article-title":"Association between plasma monocyte trafficking-related molecules and future risk of depression in older adults","volume":"77","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330338","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1330338","article-title":"Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and post-stroke depression: a cross-sectional study of the national health and nutrition examination survey 2005\u20132020","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e930076","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.930076","article-title":"Association of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio with poststroke depression in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1890435\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:32:45Z","timestamp":1791174765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1890435\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1890435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1890435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"article-number":"1890435"}}