{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:39:46Z","timestamp":1792269586538,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toripalimab, an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody developed in China, is increasingly used in the treatment of solid tumors. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors improve antitumor immunity, they may also cause immune-related adverse events involving the nervous system. We report a 60-year-old woman with triple-negative right breast cancer who developed bilateral ptosis and mild limitation of horizontal eye movements approximately 2 weeks after receiving nab-paclitaxel, carboplatin, and toripalimab. Serological testing showed positivity for anti-ryanodine receptor antibody (RYR-IgG, 1:100) and anti-titin antibody (Titin-IgG, 1:320), whereas acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 antibodies were negative. The neostigmine test was negative. Routine nerve conduction studies were largely normal, and repetitive nerve stimulation showed no low-frequency decrement. After symptom onset, CK-MB mass was markedly elevated despite a normal hs-cTnI level, and AST and ALT were also increased. Because simultaneous total CK and myoglobin measurements were unavailable, the tissue source of the CK-MB elevation could not be determined, and the result was considered uninterpretable in isolation. Possible skeletal-muscle involvement, including ocular myositis, therefore remained in the differential diagnosis. Brain MRI showed chronic ischemic changes without an acute explanatory lesion. No bulbar, respiratory, limb, or cardiac symptoms were documented. After differential assessment, a probable toripalimab-associated ocular myasthenia gravis-like presentation was considered. Toripalimab was discontinued, and oral methylprednisolone 20\u202fmg once daily was administered for 6\u202fdays from January 17 to January 22, 2026, beginning the day after discharge. Ptosis improved during early follow-up and remained improved at the subsequent visit. This case illustrates that ocular symptoms after PD-1 inhibitor therapy may represent a neuromuscular immune-related adverse event even when conventional myasthenia gravis antibodies and repetitive nerve stimulation are negative. The significance of RYR-IgG and Titin-IgG positivity in this patient remains uncertain because the assay platform and laboratory cut-offs were unavailable. Their detection should not be regarded as confirmation of ocular myasthenia gravis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1897436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:29:32Z","timestamp":1788150572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case Report: Probable toripalimab-associated ocular myasthenia gravis-like presentation after chemoimmunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hanbing","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02677-x","article-title":"Toripalimab plus nab-paclitaxel in metastatic or recurrent triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3779\/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.25","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced myasthenia gravis: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"23","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.103011","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related neurotoxicity: incidence and management. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Nielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01571-0","article-title":"Clinical issue of myasthenia gravis related to immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Kaira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac108","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of pembrolizumab-induced myasthenia gravis","volume":"211","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0774-y","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor related myasthenia gravis: single center experience and systematic review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Safa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2017.05.041","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: an emerging toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"82","author":"Makarious","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70160-3","article-title":"Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto; GBG 66): a randomised phase 2 trial","volume":"15","author":"von Minckwitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21204","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity: a critical analysis","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1622679","article-title":"Platinum-drugs induced peripheral neurotoxicity: clinical course and preclinical evidence","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327669.75695.38","article-title":"Treatment of ocular symptoms in myasthenia gravis","volume":"71","author":"Bhanushali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2010.08.004","article-title":"Ocular myasthenia: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"166","author":"Stojkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.07.001","article-title":"Autoantibody profile and clinical characteristics in a cohort of Chinese adult myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"298","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114028","article-title":"Second-line therapies for steroid-refractory immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"203","author":"Ruf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730320","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.730320","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the rechallenge of immune checkpoint inhibitors after immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1897436\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:29:34Z","timestamp":1788150574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1897436\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1897436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1897436","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"1897436"}}