{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:03:44Z","timestamp":1789625024618,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poststroke dysphagia (PSD) is a common, debilitating consequence of stroke that affects up to 50% of patients and leads to multiple medical complications. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) therapeutic efficacy depends on the electrode montage and interindividual anatomical differences. The use of the standard C5\/C6 placement based on 10\u201320 electroencephalography (EEG) coordinates to guide electrode placements may result in misalignment with the target position.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether computational modeling leads to improved electric field (EF) parameters compared with those generated with standard electrode placement methods, and whether smaller sized electrodes can yield more focal results, we compared EF values across three tDCS montages targeting the cortical swallowing area (CSA): (i) optimized circular (Opt-C, 1.5\u202fcm radius), (ii) EEG-based, conventional circular (Conv-C, 1.5\u202fcm radius), and (iii) conventional square (Conv-S, 5\u202f\u00d7\u202f5\u202fcm) electrode montages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Structural MRI data from 50 PSD patients were analyzed. EF distributions were simulated using finite element method (FEM) analysis based on three-dimensional tetrahedral head models generated with the tES LAB 4.0 platform. Across montages, we compared EF strength, defined as the mean L2 norm of the EF (E\n                      <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) across nodes within the target ROI, and target-specific focality, defined as the summed volume of target-ROI elements with E\n                      <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                      values at or above the 75th percentile of the corresponding whole-brain gray and white matter E\n                      <jats:sub>norm<\/jats:sub>\n                      distribution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant differences in EF strength (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and target-specific focality (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) were identified across the three tDCS montages. The Opt-C montage produced the highest EF strength (median: 0.3525\u202fV\/m; IQR: 0.306\u20130.455) and target-specific focality (median: 104.69\u202fmm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; IQR: 88.17\u2013120.31). Additionally, small circular electrodes resulted in significantly greater EF strength and target-specific focality than square electrodes (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u202f&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI-guided personalized tDCS planning improved modeled EF delivery to the cortical swallowing target and revealed significant deviations from conventional C5\/C6 placement in patients with severe PSD. These findings support image-guided target engagement as a framework for precision neuromodulation in PSD, while prospective physiological and clinical validation is required before therapeutic efficacy can be inferred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1898885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:32:08Z","timestamp":1789623128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MRI-guided personalized tDCS planning for target engagement of the swallowing motor cortex after stroke: a finite-element modeling study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yeun Jie","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rak-Kyeun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Neurophet, Inc.","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Jeong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TaeYeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Neurophet, Inc.","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyungtaek","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Neurophet, Inc.","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Yeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hwa","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital","place":["Yangsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Mi","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital","place":["Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ji","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital","place":["Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute, Neurophet, Inc.","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000538218","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of poststroke dysphagia: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107123","article-title":"Dysphagia-related acute stroke complications: a retrospective observational cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Bond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.23069","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510","article-title":"Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Stagg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.09.117","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of noninvasive neurostimulation therapies for acute and subacute poststroke dysphagia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2021.02.006","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of noninvasive neurostimulation therapies for poststroke dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation post-stroke upper extremity motor recovery studies exhibit a dose\u2013response relationship","volume":"9","author":"Chhatbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.003","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrode size and current intensity on motor cortical excitability: evidence from single and repeated sessions","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52874-y","article-title":"Electric field simulation and appropriate electrode positioning for optimized transcranial direct current stimulation of stroke patients: an in silico model","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.031","article-title":"TMS brain mapping of the pharyngeal cortical representation in healthy subjects","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1196-1217","article-title":"The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Hamdy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","author":"Laakso","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.017","article-title":"Cost of focality in TDCS: interindividual variability in electric fields","volume":"13","author":"Mikkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050522","article-title":"Interindividual variability in tDCS effects: a narrative review on the contribution of stable, variable, and contextual factors","volume":"12","author":"Vergallito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108893","article-title":"Spatial extent of cortical motor hotspot in navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"346","author":"Reijonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76533-0","article-title":"High definition transcranial direct current stimulation modulates abnormal neurophysiological activity in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"10","author":"Shah-Basak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121673","article-title":"MRI-based personalized transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance the upper limb function in patients with stroke: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53482-6","article-title":"Simultaneous high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted gait training in stroke patients","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106472","article-title":"Fine-grained brain tissue segmentation for brain modeling of stroke patient","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660298","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1660298","article-title":"Optimized transcranial direct current stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia with small electrodes: a double-blind, randomized, feasibility study protocol","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59050-9_28","volume-title":"Information Processing in Medical Imaging","author":"Li","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"538","author":"Fabri","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/001","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827925","article-title":"Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"51","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00710-2","article-title":"Variation in reported human head tissue electrical conductivity values","volume":"32","author":"McCann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"ref28","author":"Guennebaud","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13397","article-title":"Brain functional activity of swallowing: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20680","article-title":"Functional brain imaging of swallowing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"S\u00f6r\u00f6s","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20743","article-title":"Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing-related tasks in healthy young adults: an attempt to separate the components of deglutition","volume":"30","author":"Malandraki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2048-1","article-title":"Discrete functional contributions of cerebral cortical foci in voluntary swallowing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) \u201cgo, no-go\u201d study","volume":"161","author":"Toogood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21293-3_1","volume-title":"Brain and Human Body Modeling: Computational Human Modeling at EMBC 2018","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01312.2006","article-title":"Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex","volume":"97","author":"Nitsche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24618-3","article-title":"Optimized APPS-tDCS electrode position, size, and distance doubles the on-target stimulation magnitude in 3000 electric field models","volume":"12","author":"Caulfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.024","article-title":"10\/20, 10\/10, and 10\/5 systems revisited: their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems","volume":"34","author":"Jurcak","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098831","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1098831","article-title":"Dosage consideration for transcranial direct current stimulation in post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51344","article-title":"Swallowing-related neural oscillation: an intracranial EEG study","volume":"8","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-023-10581-2","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with conventional swallowing rehabilitation training on post-stroke dysphagia","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.144592","article-title":"Unilateral suppression of pharyngeal motor cortex to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals functional asymmetry in the hemispheric projections to human swallowing","volume":"585","author":"Mistry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25151","article-title":"Randomized trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for poststroke dysphagia","volume":"83","author":"Suntrup-Krueger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.027","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study","volume":"35","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.09.015","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a review of electrode characteristics and materials","volume":"85","author":"Solomons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/12\/4506","article-title":"Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS)","volume":"61","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.11.001","article-title":"High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) for the enhancement of working memory \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis of healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45905-7","article-title":"The impact of brain lesions on tDCS-induced electric fields","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae4a4e","article-title":"Anatomy-informed recommendations for electrode montage and shape in electrical stimulation methods: a tDCS case study","volume":"23","author":"Stoupis","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010013","article-title":"Deep learning-based segmentation to establish east Asian normative volumes using multisite structural MRI","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21814","article-title":"Assessment of electric field distribution in anisotropic cortical and subcortical regions under the influence of tDCS","volume":"35","author":"Shahid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.08.029","article-title":"Does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhance excitability of the motor cortex and motor function in healthy individuals and subjects with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Bastani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1898885\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:32:10Z","timestamp":1789623130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1898885\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1898885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1898885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"article-number":"1898885"}}