{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:51:00Z","timestamp":1787061060060,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral facial palsy (PFP) exhibits highly variable etiology and clinical course. While some patients recover spontaneously within weeks, others develop persistent sequelae including synkinesis and crocodile tears that substantially impair quality of life. Management strategies differ considerably across clinical centers worldwide, reflecting ongoing uncertainty regarding optimal therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review examines PFP pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, PRF neuromodulation, and rehabilitation technologies (125). A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library (inception to June 2026) was conducted using keywords including \u201cBell\u2019s palsy,\u201d \u201cperipheral facial palsy,\u201d \u201cfacial nerve decompression,\u201d \u201cpulsed radiofrequency,\u201d and \u201crehabilitation.\u201d RCTs and observational studies were evaluated, with emphasis on systematic reviews and meta-analyses. All pooled statistics are reproduced from cited meta-analyses rather than generated by this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bell\u2019s palsy pathogenesis involves a triple-hit cascade comprising viral reactivation, immune-mediated inflammation, and ischemic edema within the rigid Fallopian canal. Corticosteroids remain the first-line pharmacological intervention; antiviral agents demonstrate incremental benefit only in severe presentations (number needed to treat [NNT]\u202f=\u202f15; as reported in a meta-analysis by de Almeida et al.). Surgical decompression for idiopathic facial palsy lacks Level I randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence. PRF neuromodulation, a minimally invasive interventional modality, occupies an intermediate therapeutic position between pharmacotherapy and open surgery, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects with 70\u201390% symptom relief in hemifacial spasm at 6\u201324\u202fmonths. Functional electrical stimulation (FES), extended reality (XR), and artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced rehabilitation technologies show theoretical promise but await rigorous clinical validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PFP management is evolving toward precision medicine, incorporating biomarker-driven patient stratification, AI-assisted outcome prediction, and multinational collaborative trials to establish evidence-based therapeutic standards. Four critical evidence gaps are identified: corticosteroid-antiviral stratification, decompression RCTs, PRF standardization, and rehabilitation validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1907653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:42:26Z","timestamp":1785836546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Peripheral facial palsy: contemporary advances and unresolved debates in management from pathogenic mechanisms to tailored reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sitao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan People's Hospital","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan People's Hospital","place":["Zhongshan, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Peripheral nerve entrapment and injury in the upper extremity","volume":"103","author":"Moraes Neto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2023.101374","article-title":"Task force of the Brazilian Society of Otology - evaluation and management of peripheral facial palsy","volume":"90","author":"Pauna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003742","article-title":"Bell's palsy and its semantic change over time","volume":"44","author":"Chern","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053992","article-title":"Differentiating bell's palsy from Lyme-related facial palsy","volume":"149","author":"Guez-Barber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.880","article-title":"Management of the facial nerve following temporal bone ballistic injury","volume":"7","author":"Maxwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e654","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001020","article-title":"Facial palsy, radiographic and other workup negative: FROWN","volume":"11","author":"Greene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2025.2551465","article-title":"Yawning-induced alternobaric facial palsy in a healthy young adult","volume":"44","author":"Cammalleri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549947","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S549947","article-title":"Iodide mumps following facial iodine iontophoresis","volume":"19","author":"Mai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64773","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64773","article-title":"Unveiling unilateral bell's palsy: a case series","volume":"16","author":"Suragimath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13161","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2024.13161","article-title":"Efficacy of electrical stimulation of the zygomaticus muscle in complete facial paralysis","volume":"34","author":"Krau\u00df","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e245","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e245","article-title":"Acute peripheral facial palsy: recent guidelines and a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"116","article-title":"Observation on the curative effect of facial PNF combined with mirror therapy","volume":"370","author":"Luting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Georgian Med News"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12944","article-title":"Bipolar pulsed radiofrequency for trigeminal neuralgia: a report of two cases","volume":"21","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.07.002","article-title":"Effects of pulsed versus conventional radiofrequency current on rabbit dorsal root ganglion morphology","volume":"9","author":"Erdine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-010-0881-5","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency treatment in interventional pain management: mechanisms and potential indications\u2014a review","volume":"153","author":"Chua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200204000-00030","article-title":"Exposure of the dorsal root ganglion in rats to pulsed radiofrequency currents activates dorsal horn lamina I and II neurons","volume":"50","author":"Higuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","article-title":"Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00480.1","article-title":"Narrative reviews: flexible, rigorous, and practical","volume":"14","author":"Sukhera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11985-8","article-title":"Neurological manifestation of HEV infection","volume":"271","author":"Wiesenfarth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.196","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm due to bony stenosis of the internal auditory meatus","volume":"137","author":"Ligas","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003633","article-title":"Surgical reconsideration of traumatic facial paralysis","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2810812","DOI":"10.1155\/crot\/2810812","article-title":"Eagle syndrome, a third variant","author":"Hoffman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Rep Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.03.048","article-title":"Facial palsy caused by an intrameatal metastatic disease","volume":"51","author":"Hadjigeorgiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25430","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025430","article-title":"The research for the function evaluation of facial nerve and the mechanisms of rehabilitation training","volume":"100","author":"Si-Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527321666220831095204","article-title":"Acute peripheral facial nerve palsy in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Jan\u010di\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516904","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1516904","article-title":"Biological effect of acupuncture on peripheral facial paralysis","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2020.0001","article-title":"Reliability of diffusion tensor tractography of facial nerve","volume":"54","author":"Szmuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147204","article-title":"Hedgehog signaling promotes endoneurial fibroblast migration","volume":"1751","author":"Faniku","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052291","article-title":"Expression patterns of SMAD1-8 in the peripheral facial nerve","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16219","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216219","article-title":"Induction of autophagy and its role in peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Yon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0351","article-title":"Facial aberrant Reinnervation syndrome following facial nerve injury and recovery","volume":"27","author":"Dey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8884511","article-title":"The regenerative potential of facial nerve Motoneurons following chronic Axotomy in rats","volume":"2020","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411245","article-title":"Expression and role of toll-like receptors in facial nerve regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23340","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202301664R","article-title":"Exogenous GDNF promotes peripheral facial nerve regeneration","volume":"38","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16168","article-title":"Conserved transcriptional programming after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"180","author":"Ghazisaeidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_578_2023","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm","volume":"14","author":"Rubio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6646115","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6646115","article-title":"Presentation of bilateral facial paralysis in Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome","volume":"2021","author":"Gaitan-Quintero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104314","article-title":"A case series of low-level laser therapy treatment in peripheral facial palsy","volume":"49","author":"Basualdo Allende","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.13703\/j.0255-2930.20220726-k0001","article-title":"Application status of Fu's subcutaneous needling in peripheral facial paralysis","volume":"43","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5419407","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5419407","article-title":"Electroacupuncture is effective for peripheral facial paralysis: a Meta-analysis","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3318223","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3318223","article-title":"Newly prepared 129Xe nanoprobe-based fMRI to evaluate acupuncture efficacy","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13010076","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of anastomosis between ansa cervicalis and facial nerve","volume":"13","author":"Balaci","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71383","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71383","article-title":"Reviving hope: overcoming DBS failure with partial cranial nerve radiofrequency ablation","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12450","article-title":"Incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Uruguay","volume":"26","author":"Chiesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66020","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.66020","article-title":"Ramsay hunt syndrome: a rare complication","volume":"16","author":"Dhatrak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318275978c","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline update: steroids and antivirals for bell palsy: report of the guideline development Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology","volume":"79","author":"Gronseth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813505967","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: bell's palsy","volume":"149","author":"Baugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072006","article-title":"Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in bell's palsy","volume":"357","author":"Sullivan","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70221-6","article-title":"Prednisolone and valaciclovir in bell's palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"7","author":"Axelsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318033064c","article-title":"Valacyclovir and prednisolone treatment for bell's palsy: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Axelsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001942","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001942.pub5","article-title":"Corticosteroids for bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)","volume":"2016","author":"Madhok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27769","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027769","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of acupoint catgut embedding for peripheral facial paralysis sequela","volume":"100","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2021.70","article-title":"Effects of laser acupuncture therapy for bell's palsy","volume":"12","author":"Ton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47709","DOI":"10.2196\/47709","article-title":"Mirror therapy added to facial neuromuscular retraining","volume":"12","author":"Dagenais","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1243","article-title":"Combined corticosteroid and antiviral treatment for bell palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"de Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001869","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001869.pub5","article-title":"Antiviral treatment for bell's palsy (idiopathic facial paralysis)","volume":"9","author":"Gagyor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03562-2","article-title":"Comparison of acupuncture with tuina vs acupuncture-only","volume":"19","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/10538135251335123","article-title":"Emotional training after facial nerve palsy","volume":"57","author":"Gervasoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeuroRehabil"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.62347\/QJMA1265","article-title":"Yin-Yang harmony acupuncture therapy","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.70607","article-title":"Structural phenotype of high-frequency recurrent facial palsy","author":"Choi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2022.101388","article-title":"Therapeutic strategy for facial paralysis based on Si-based agent and methylcobalamin","volume":"32","author":"Koyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149437","article-title":"Structural remodeling of the brain cortex following hypoglossal-facial neurorrhaphy","volume":"1849","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e509","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1782199","article-title":"Rehabilitation surgery for peripheral facial nerve injury after facial trauma","volume":"28","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2021.1942500","article-title":"Contralateral orbicularis oculi muscle transposition in facial paralysis","volume":"41","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2023.101498","article-title":"Surgical treatment of hemifacial spasms","volume":"69","author":"Alkhayri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie (Paris)"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13162","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2024.13162","article-title":"Deceleration of denervated facial muscle atrophy through FES","volume":"34","author":"Meincke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12124133","article-title":"Effects of electrical stimulation on facial paralysis recovery","volume":"12","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70231","DOI":"10.1002\/oto2.70231","article-title":"Does electrical stimulation therapy influence synkinesis?","volume":"10","author":"Eberly","year":"2026","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ad35e7","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad35e7","article-title":"Bionic blink improves real-time eye closure","volume":"21","author":"Cervera-Negueruela","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2025.101048","article-title":"Qianzheng powder promotes facial nerve regeneration via BDNF\/TrkB\/CREB pathway","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17020017","article-title":"PNF and\/or electrical stimulation in peripheral facial paralysis","volume":"17","author":"Dominguez-Defez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35060","article-title":"Effect of modified facial paralysis rehabilitation nursing","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2025.2476515","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupoint injection combined with TDP irradiation and acupuncture","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-05586-9","article-title":"Tiny needles, major benefits: acupuncture in child health","volume":"25","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459738","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1459738","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of Jingjin acupuncture therapy","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.10372\/j.1000-0607.20210559","article-title":"Clinical effect of filiform-fire needle in peripheral facial paralysis","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25388","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025388","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of cupping therapy for intractable peripheral facial paralysis","volume":"100","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2023.00234","article-title":"Sural nerve grafts in subacute facial nerve injuries","volume":"25","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.7446","article-title":"Efficacy of surgical treatment in post-traumatic facial nerve palsy","volume":"75","author":"Marsza\u0142","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Pol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2023.00528","article-title":"Facial palsy reconstruction","volume":"25","author":"Woo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_995_2022","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy caused by severe head injury treated by translabyrinthine approach","volume":"14","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.13201\/j.issn.2096-7993.2025.06.009","article-title":"Clinical data analysis of middle ear cholesteatoma","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.01.013","article-title":"Relationship between level of facial nerve injury and surgical outcome","volume":"44","author":"Vejbrink Kildal","year":"2025","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4274\/MMJ.galenos.2022.46844","article-title":"Intracapsular enucleation of intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma","volume":"37","author":"Sim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medeni Med J"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.11.053","article-title":"Ocular-Oral synkinesis after mid-face trauma","volume":"90","author":"Jun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199908000-00002","article-title":"Surgical management of bell palsy","volume":"109","author":"Gantz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"494","article-title":"Prognostic value of electrical tests in acute facial paralysis","volume":"5","author":"Fisch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2024.0147","article-title":"Surgical treatments for facial aberrant reinnervation syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Fearington","year":"2025","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000010173","article-title":"Modified Endaural approach to access the temporomandibular joint","volume":"35","author":"Mejia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112137-20240228-00442","article-title":"Super minimally invasive surgery in acoustic neuroma resection","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-023-03690-9","article-title":"Incidence of facial nerve paralysis after superficial parotidectomy","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2021.8506","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of transmastoid facial nerve decompression","volume":"17","author":"G\u00fcr","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Adv Otol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000001007","article-title":"Temporal bone fracture related facial palsy","volume":"32","author":"Natour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.103983","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of facial nerve decompression","volume":"44","author":"Orhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-07836-x","article-title":"Endoscopic vs microscopic facial nerve decompression","volume":"280","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorrinolaringol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2716-2279","article-title":"Traumatic upper extremity nerve lesions in children","volume":"20","author":"Winter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-025-05419-2","article-title":"Navigating post-traumatic facial nerve palsy","volume":"77","author":"Vijayamohan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29666","article-title":"Long-term facial nerve outcome in primary parotid cancer surgery","volume":"131","author":"Thielker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613261423692","article-title":"Transcanal endoscopic facial nerve decompression","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.119","article-title":"Anticipating facial nerve position using 3D tractography","volume":"168","author":"Blanch Pujol","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-05177-7","article-title":"Facial nerve decompression through posterior tympanotomy","volume":"77","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"70","article-title":"Effects of surgical timing of facial nerve decompression","volume":"29","author":"Flores Cort\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13671","article-title":"Facial and hearing outcomes in transmastoid nerve decompression","volume":"46","author":"Inagaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002594","article-title":"Nerve integrity monitor responses predict postoperative outcomes","volume":"41","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000001131","article-title":"Update in facial reanimation","author":"Magro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2023.1663","article-title":"Immediate facial reanimation in radical parotidectomy","volume":"19","author":"Filipov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15030711","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of magnesium alloy osteosynthesis","volume":"15","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2022.0108","article-title":"Facial nerve exploration for known or suspected transection","volume":"25","author":"Ein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811544","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.811544","article-title":"Neurorrhaphy with polyethylene glycol","volume":"9","author":"Petrov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-05172-5","article-title":"Early surgical repair for temporal branch of facial nerve","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesth Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738957","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2026.1738957","article-title":"Facial nerve reconstruction after facial vascularized composite allotransplantation","volume":"13","author":"Knoedler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2020.0381","article-title":"Facial nerve repair: bioengineering approaches","volume":"28","author":"Bengur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000012036","article-title":"Facial nerve grafting with MABC nerve","author":"Grewal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.13201\/j.issn.2096-7993.2024.05.003","article-title":"Facial nerve managements in jugular foramen tumor resection","volume":"38","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155510","article-title":"Motor function in nerve allografts","volume":"14","author":"Dietrich","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57326","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.57326","article-title":"Facial nerve reconstruction with PGA tube","volume":"16","author":"Noda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06732-6","article-title":"Venous nerve conduit trap in parotid gland tumor","volume":"278","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorrinolaringol"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.70112","article-title":"Intraoperative facial nerve repair for parotid malignant tumors","volume":"48","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0144","article-title":"Hypoglossal nerve transfer for facial paralysis","volume":"26","author":"Hamdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006263","article-title":"Evaluation of a pediatric facial paralysis education and family support Day","volume":"31","author":"Heinelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2297-7777","article-title":"Anatomical identification of masseteric nerve for facial reanimation","volume":"56","author":"Voraberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000914","article-title":"Nerve guide conduits, nerve transfers, and muscle transfer in facial nerve palsy","volume":"31","author":"Shoman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.1.FOCUS24892","article-title":"Nerve transfers for facial palsy: grading of volitional control","volume":"58","author":"Socolovsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1722905","article-title":"Maximizing smile symmetry in facial paralysis reconstruction","volume":"37","author":"Hontanilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147856","article-title":"Muscle Fiber composition changes after selective nerve innervation","volume":"23","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1436204602","article-title":"Neural reconstruction for facial nerve palsy","volume":"50","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3689","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003689","article-title":"Combined sequential bilateral hypoglossal-to-facial and masseter-to-facial transfers","volume":"9","author":"Morales-Puebla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.13201\/j.issn.2096-7993.2024.05.007","article-title":"Postoperative effect analysis of different surgical techniques in facial nerve reconstruction","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"612","article-title":"Facial nerve paralysis - therapeutic approach","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0523","article-title":"Hypoglossal and masseteric nerve transfer: meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Urban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.324862","article-title":"Facial reanimation with interposition nerve graft or masseter nerve transfer","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1376-2199","article-title":"Dynamic procedures for facial nerve reconstruction","volume":"100","author":"Kofler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0312","article-title":"Outcomes of facial symmetry after masseteric-to-facial nerve transfer","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111134","article-title":"Masseteric-to-facial nerve transfer for pediatric facial paralysis","volume":"157","author":"Marston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2013.12.021","article-title":"Static support in the facial palsy patient","volume":"67","author":"Leckenby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2021.03.013","article-title":"Facial reanimation and reconstruction of the radical Parotidectomy","volume":"29","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019554","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1019554","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of facial synkinesis","volume":"13","author":"Guntinas-Lichius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019554","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1019554","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of facial synkinesis: a systematic review and clinical practice recommendations by the international head and neck scientific group","volume":"13","author":"Guntinas-Lichius","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020159","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type a to improve facial symmetry in facial palsy: a practical guideline and clinical experience","volume":"13","author":"de Sanctis Pecora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07796-8","article-title":"Botulinum toxin a treatment in facial palsy synkinesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"280","author":"de Jongh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorrinolaringol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e3180412460","article-title":"Validation of the Synkinesis assessment questionnaire","volume":"117","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09465-y","article-title":"Rehabilitation of facial nerve palsy combining neuromuscular retraining and botulinum toxin a injection: a tertiary referral Centre experience and a new working protocol proposal","volume":"282","author":"Bonali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorrinolaringol"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23947","article-title":"Two-step highly selective neurectomy for refractory periocular synkinesis","volume":"123","author":"Hohman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn501225-20251111-00468","article-title":"Repair and reconstruction of facial organ injuries","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu Fu Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200729091314","article-title":"Invasive and non-invasive electrical Neuromodulation in trigeminal nerve neuralgia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Garcia-Isidoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1159\/000534591","article-title":"Acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of peripheral facial palsy","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement Med Res"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00571-5","article-title":"Percutaneous Stylomastoid foramen pulsed radiofrequency combined with steroid injection for treatment of intractable facial paralysis after herpes zoster","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55347","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.55347","article-title":"Acute onset of delayed facial nerve paralysis after an uncomplicated Total Parotidectomy for an Oncocytoma","volume":"16","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ziae156","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmrpl\/ziae156","article-title":"Jansen metaphyseal chondrodysplasia: analysis of craniofacial manifestations","volume":"9","author":"Obiezu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.53045\/jprs.2021-0005","article-title":"Single Gracilis FFMT for smile and Lagophthalmos","volume":"1","author":"Chuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071616","article-title":"Intraoperative monitoring of the facial nerve during microvascular decompression for Hemifacial spasm","volume":"13","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54830","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54830","article-title":"Percutaneous continuous radiofrequency versus pulsed radiofrequency thermorhizotomy for the treatment of neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve: a retrospective observational study","volume":"16","author":"Acevedo-Gonzalez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1436204873","article-title":"Historical review of Hemifacial spasm","volume":"52","author":"Mezaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13220-y","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm: an update on pathophysiology, investigations and management","volume":"272","author":"Jesuthasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2022.22.1.67","article-title":"Persistent idiopathic facial pain treated with botulinum toxin and pulsed radiofrequency of infraorbital nerve: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Vadhanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27285","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027285","article-title":"A case report of refractory otalgia after Ramsay hunt syndrome successfully treated by applying pulsed radiofrequency to the great auricular nerve: a CARE-compliant article","volume":"100","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.jpgm_797_21","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided dry needling of masticatory muscles in trigeminal neuralgia - a case series of 35 patients","volume":"69","author":"Vas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16020025","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency for Auriculotemporal neuralgia: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Tereshko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01607-4","article-title":"A multi-omics exploration revealing SLIT2 as a prime therapeutic target for peripheral facial paralysis","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2026.104787","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture combined with TCM therapies: network meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13040957","article-title":"Exploring the role of inflammation and metabolites in bell's palsy","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2022.09.006","article-title":"Modified selective Neurectomy for post facial paralysis Synkinesis","volume":"31","author":"Frants","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2020.06.014","article-title":"Pediatric bell's palsy: prognostic factors and treatment outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Aysel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25047","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25047","article-title":"Lesion localization and prognosis using electrodiagnostic studies in facial diplegia","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70336","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70336","article-title":"Risk factors associated with bell's palsy","volume":"32","author":"Neckel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-022-01148-y","article-title":"Preservation, reconstruction, and rehabilitation of the facial nerve","volume":"71","author":"Thielker","year":"2023","journal-title":"HNO"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1907653\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:42:33Z","timestamp":1785836553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1907653\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":168,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1907653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1907653","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"article-number":"1907653"}}