{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:19:24Z","timestamp":1786112364693,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council"},{"name":"NIA and MH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24 AG072122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 AG072122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"},{"name":"DOD ADNI","award":["W81XWH-12-2-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-12-2-0012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014041","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fund of Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University","award":["50012304625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50012304625"]}]},{"name":"Special Funding for the \u201cCase-by-Case Introduction of Top Talent (Teams)\u201d Program in Yantai"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U25A20447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of neuro-degenerative dementia. Artificial intelligence assisted clinical evaluation can improve diagnostic efficiency and facilitate timely intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An interpretable Multimodal Ensemble Assessment Framework (MEAF) was developed to support clinical evaluation for AD across the cognitive spectrum. This framework employed a Swin Transformer and ResNet-50 for staged modeling of imaging features, applied machine learning techniques to extract clinical features, and used decision-level ensemble learning to integrate multimodal predictions. For interpretability analysis, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Maps were used to highlight key brain regions contributing to imaging-based decisions, and Shapley Additive exPlanations were applied to quantitatively assess the importance of clinical features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEAF achieved robust performance in classifying cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, and AD, with an accuracy of 0.878 and an F1-score of 0.877. In the independent external validation cohort, MEAF maintained reasonable performance, with an accuracy of 0.817 and an F1-score of 0.803. Interpretability analyses provided complementary explanations for both the imaging and clinical models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEAF demonstrated favorable classification performance and interpretability in retrospective multicenter datasets, suggesting its potential as an auxiliary framework for multimodal assessment of AD-related cognitive staging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1911900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:53:46Z","timestamp":1785941626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An interpretable multimodal ensemble assessment framework for Alzheimer\u2019s disease cognitive staging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiale","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Complex Medical Intelligence and Aging, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Blockchain and Privacy Computing, Beihang University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Complex Medical Intelligence and Aging, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University","place":["Yantai, China"]},{"name":"School of Health Management, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University","place":["Yantai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Complex Medical Intelligence and Aging, Shandong Medical and Pharmaceutical University","place":["Yantai, China"]},{"name":"School of Software Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","article-title":"Alzheimer 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