{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:02:49Z","timestamp":1790226169060,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and its clinical differentiation from Parkinson-plus syndromes (PPS) remains challenging due to the lack of highly specific biomarkers. Although dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) provides objective evidence of dopaminergic denervation, its limited value in distinguishing PD from PPS and restricted availability underscore the need for accessible and reliable diagnostic tools. This study aimed to evaluate a novel, non-invasive, and convenient auxiliary diagnostic approach for the diagnosis and differentiation of PD by integrating the assessment of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (SN+) and intracranial hemodynamics using transcranial ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 68 PD patients (PD group), 30 PPS patients (PPS group), and 80 healthy controls (NC group) were enrolled between June 2023 and December 2025. All subjects underwent Transcranial Sonography (TCS) to measure the area of SN+ and Transcranial Color Doppler (TCCD) to measure intracranial vascular hemodynamic parameters. Intergroup differences were analyzed, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of individual parameters and their combination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ultrasound parameters of the substantia nigra, including unilateral and bilateral hyperechogenicity, were markedly elevated in PD patients compared to PPS and control groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Additionally, the PD group exhibited altered hemodynamic profiles, with significant differences in resistance index and diastolic flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA Vd) relative to controls. ROC curve analyses indicated that the diagnostic accuracy for PD using the SN+ area was high (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.918), while a combined model incorporating TCS and TCCD parameters achieved a superior AUC of 0.945, with a sensitivity of 91.2% and specificity of 95.0%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TCS-detected SN+ is an effective imaging biomarker for PD. Combining SN+ with MCA Vd demonstrated superior diagnostic efficacy (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.945) compared with either parameter alone, providing a non-invasive multimodality tool for distinguishing PD from non-PD individuals (including PPS and healthy controls).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1913166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:39:28Z","timestamp":1790224768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The clinical value of combined assessment of substantia nigra morphology and intracranial hemodynamics via transcranial ultrasound in the diagnosis and differentiation of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology","place":["Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaotian","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology","place":["Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23492-8","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of parkinson's disease in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public 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