{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:13:14Z","timestamp":1788415994343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of migraine is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum netrin-1 and amylin levels in patients with episodic migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 60 patients diagnosed with episodic migraine and 30 healthy controls. Patients were evaluated during an ictal (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f25) or interictal (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f35) period. They were further categorized based on the presence of aura (migraine with aura,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f25; migraine without aura,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f35).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum netrin-1 levels were markedly lower in the migraine group compared to the control group (492.7 \u00b1\u202f638.0 pg\/mL vs. 744.8 \u00b1\u202f754.7 pg.\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.038). Although amylin levels were also lower in migraine patients (324.9 \u00b1\u202f451.7 ng\/mL vs. 453.7 \u00b1\u202f490.2 ng\/mL), this difference did not reach statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.141). No significant differences in netrin-1 and amylin levels were observed between patients with and without aura, nor between ictal and interictal periods. In the ROC analysis, netrin-1 levels demonstrated significant diagnostic performance in distinguishing migraine patients from controls (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.635; 95% CI: 0.512\u20130.758;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.031). The ROC analysis for amylin was not significant (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.596,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.133), and the combined model yielded an AUC of 0.636 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.036).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum netrin-1 levels were markedly lower in patients with episodic migraine compared with healthy controls, while amylin levels also showed a decreasing trend. Further large-scale studies are needed to elucidate the clinical significance and pathophysiological roles of these biomarkers in migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1932356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:21:26Z","timestamp":1788412886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peptides whose levels change during the attack period in episodic migraine: NETRIN-1 and amylin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aysenur Ince","family":"Koco\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Necmettin Erbakan University Hospital","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Neurology Department, Kelkit State Hospital","place":["Gumushane, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Altas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Necmettin Erbakan University Hospital","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turan","family":"Akdag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Cosmetic Plant Application and Research Center, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Vocational School","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Bugrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Necmettin Erbakan University Hospital","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Uyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Necmettin Erbakan University Hospital","place":["Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01271-1","article-title":"Migraine and neuroinflammation: the inflammasome perspective","volume":"22","author":"Kursun","year":"","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00328-4","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"8","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","article-title":"Pathophysiology of migraine: a disorder of sensory processing","volume":"97","author":"Goadsby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.01.003","article-title":"Netrin-1: an 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