{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:07:03Z","timestamp":1790140023556,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the effectiveness of non-invasive interventions for pain, upper-limb motor function, and activities of daily living in patients with stage I post-stroke shoulder\u2013hand syndrome (SHS) using network meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials evaluating non-invasive interventions for stage I SHS were systematically retrieved. Outcomes included visual analogue scale (VAS), Fugl\u2013Meyer Assessment\u2013Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), and Barthel Index (BI). Mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated, and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-six RCTs involving 2,769 participants were included. The VAS, FMA-UE, and BI networks included 24, 28, and 18 RCTs, respectively. Compared with conventional treatment (CT), VAS scores were significantly reduced by kinesiology taping (KT) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22121.95, 95% CI\u202f\u2212\u202f2.85 to \u22121.05), air pressure therapy (AT) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22122.30, \u22124.31 to \u22120.29), Traditional Chinese Medicine External Herbal Therapy (TCM-EHT) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22121.36, \u22122.08 to \u22120.64), Traditional Chinese Medicine External Physical Stimulation (TCM-EPS) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22121.43, \u22122.36 to \u22120.50), and moxibustion (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22121.52, \u22122.53 to \u22120.51). FMA-UE improved with TCM-EPS (SMD\u202f=\u202f2.12, 0.03 to 4.21), TCM-EHT (SMD\u202f=\u202f2.07, 0.62 to 3.52), and KT (SMD\u202f=\u202f2.32, 0.04 to 4.61). BI improved with TCM-EHT (SMD\u202f=\u202f3.64, 1.76 to 5.51), TCM-EPS (SMD\u202f=\u202f2.55, 0.60 to 4.50), and KT (SMD\u202f=\u202f1.98, 0.27 to 3.70). However, 95% prediction intervals for all statistically significant comparisons crossed the null. AT, KT, and TCM-EHT ranked highest for VAS, FMA-UE, and BI, respectively. No statistically significant global inconsistency was detected, although localized disagreement was identified for CT versus TCM-EHT in the VAS network.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-invasive interventions showed outcome-specific potential benefits, but no intervention demonstrated consistent superiority across all outcomes. Although AT and KT ranked favorably for pain and KT, TCM-EPS, and TCM-EHT for functional outcomes, wide prediction intervals indicated substantial uncertainty. Given methodological limitations and imprecision, findings should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed by adequately powered multicentre RCTs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The publicly accessible registration record is available through the PROSPERO database:\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251276361<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD420251276361).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1932931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:48:49Z","timestamp":1790138929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of non-invasive interventions for stage I post-stroke shoulder\u2013hand syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Zhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo-Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Second People's Hospital","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Liang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Affiliated Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional 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