{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:27:23Z","timestamp":1788535643685,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is the leading cause of adult-onset epilepsy. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classifies seizures occurring within 7\u202fdays of stroke as acute symptomatic seizures (ASyS); later seizures are classified as unprovoked\/remote symptomatic. After a single remote symptomatic seizure, a diagnosis of post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) requires an estimated 10-year recurrence risk of at least 60%. We review three frequently conflated questions: how post-stroke seizures should be classified, how the risk of subsequent epilepsy should be estimated, and how patients should be managed. The 2010 ILAE Task Force introduced this definition for epidemiological use, acknowledged that its criteria were somewhat arbitrary, and identified lesion-based refinement in cerebrovascular disease as an unresolved objective; a dedicated ILAE working group is now revisiting the definition. Risk prediction has already progressed beyond a binary approach, largely by incorporating rather than discarding early seizure timing. Temporal classification and multivariable risk estimation are complementary. The principal gap concerns management and diagnostic consequences. Estimated post-stroke seizure risk spans approximately an order of magnitude, whereas the epilepsy label and its driving, occupational, and insurance consequences remain dichotomous. Antiseizure medication prescribing represents a related but distinct problem: treatment should already be individualised, yet available evidence suggests that prescribing is inconsistently calibrated to recurrence risk. Existing prediction models address neither mismatch as they were not designed to do so. We define the evidence required to support a graded framework, the properties such a framework must preserve, and the settings in which its applicability remains unproven.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1937496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:05:49Z","timestamp":1788534349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-stroke seizures: classification, risk prediction, and management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yerko Petar","family":"Ivanovic-Barbeito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital","place":["Dublin, Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Michael","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Schmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2015.0751","article-title":"The natural history and prognosis of epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Beghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x","article-title":"Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure","volume":"51","author":"Beghi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)91822-4","article-title":"Early traumatic epilepsy: definition and identity","volume":"293","author":"Jennett","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(73)92488-4","article-title":"Epilepsy after head injury: residual risk after varying fit-free intervals since injury","volume":"2","author":"Jennett","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01005.x","article-title":"Incidence of acute symptomatic seizures in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1984","volume":"36","author":"Annegers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02586.x","article-title":"Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984","volume":"34","author":"Hauser","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440609","article-title":"Risk of unprovoked seizure after acute symptomatic seizure: effect of status epilepticus","volume":"44","author":"Hesdorffer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x","article-title":"Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure","volume":"50","author":"Hesdorffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7122.1582","article-title":"Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire community stroke project","volume":"315","author":"Burn","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.11.1617","article-title":"Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"57","author":"Bladin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.46.2.350","article-title":"Population-based study of seizure disorders after cerebral infarction","volume":"46","author":"So","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000130989.17100.96","article-title":"Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke","volume":"35","author":"Camilo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.10.088","article-title":"Incidence of poststroke seizures: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707732","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.707732","article-title":"Risk of post-stroke epilepsy following stroke-associated acute symptomatic seizures","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18338","article-title":"Updated classification of epileptic seizures: position paper of the international league against epilepsy","volume":"66","author":"Beniczky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763224","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1763224","article-title":"Rethinking the classification of acute status epilepticus: structural brain vs. systemic etiologies","volume":"17","author":"Xhepa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.3.400","article-title":"Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults","volume":"60","author":"Lamy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.050045","article-title":"Association of the timing and type of acute symptomatic seizures with poststroke epilepsy and mortality","volume":"56","author":"Schubert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30404-0","article-title":"Prediction of late seizures after ischaemic stroke with a novel prognostic model (SeLECT)","volume":"17","author":"Galovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.0611","article-title":"Association of mortality and risk of epilepsy with type of acute symptomatic seizure after ischemic stroke and an updated prognostic model (SeLECT 2.0)","volume":"80","author":"Sinka","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214486","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214486","article-title":"Development and international validation of a novel imaging-based risk score (IsCHEMiA) for the prediction of poststroke epilepsy","volume":"106","author":"Leung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004686","article-title":"The CAVE score for predicting late seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"45","author":"Haapaniemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23969873251350882","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873251350882","article-title":"Development and external validation of the LEAN score to predict late seizures after intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Reitsma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209221","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209221","article-title":"Predictive model for estimating the risk of epilepsy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: the RISE score","volume":"102","author":"Campos-Fernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27301","article-title":"The role of electroencephalography in predicting post-stroke seizures and an updated prognostic model (SeLECT-EEG)","volume":"98","author":"Schubert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1376","article-title":"Acute symptomatic seizures: an educational, evidence-based review","volume":"24","author":"Mauritz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-023-01183-0","article-title":"Prognosis and management of acute symptomatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter, observational study","volume":"13","author":"Herzig-Nichtwei\u00df","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70310-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and potential treatment targets","volume":"10","author":"Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0217-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory pathways as treatment targets and biomarkers in epilepsy","volume":"15","author":"Vezzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209450","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209450","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of poststroke epilepsy","volume":"102","author":"Tanaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000223361.90278.ca","article-title":"Continuous assessment of electrical epileptic activity in acute stroke","volume":"67","author":"Carrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12103","article-title":"Early EEG predicts poststroke epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Bentes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl317","article-title":"TGF-beta receptor-mediated albumin uptake into astrocytes is involved in neocortical epileptogenesis","volume":"130","author":"Ivens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20199","article-title":"Early blood-brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia","volume":"56","author":"Latour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.590646","article-title":"Natural history of perihematomal edema after intracerebral hemorrhage measured by serial magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"Venkatasubramanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028899","article-title":"Incidence and association of reperfusion therapies with poststroke seizures","volume":"51","author":"Lekoubou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200146","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200146","article-title":"Clinical biomarkers and prediction models for poststroke epilepsy: have we settled the scores yet?","volume":"13","author":"Yonas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18602","article-title":"Epilepsy as a dynamic disease: toward actionable, individualized seizure risk prediction","volume":"66","author":"Schubert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18114","article-title":"Prediction of epilepsy after stroke: proposal of a modified SeLECT 2.0 score based on posttreatment stroke outcome","volume":"65","author":"Meletti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2025.02.008","article-title":"Prognostic models for seizures and epilepsy after stroke, tumors and traumatic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Schubert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2021.1391","article-title":"Post-stroke seizure risk prediction models: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000513","article-title":"2026 guideline for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"57","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000407","article-title":"2022 guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"53","author":"Greenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000436","article-title":"2023 guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"54","author":"Hoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987317705536","article-title":"European stroke organisation guidelines for the management of post-stroke seizures and epilepsy","volume":"2","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-02183-z","article-title":"Guidelines for seizure prophylaxis in patients hospitalized with nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: a clinical practice guideline for health care professionals from the Neurocritical care society","volume":"42","author":"Frontera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001487","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: management of an unprovoked first seizure in adults: report of the guideline development Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology and the American Epilepsy Society","volume":"84","author":"Krumholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17426","article-title":"Management of epilepsy in older adults: a critical review by the ILAE task force on epilepsy in the elderly","volume":"64","author":"Piccenna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00971-9","article-title":"Thromboembolic risks with concurrent direct oral anticoagulants and antiseizure medications: a population-based analysis","volume":"36","author":"Ip","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-023-00431-0","article-title":"Patient preferences for epilepsy treatment: a systematic review of discrete choice experimental studies","volume":"13","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200475","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200475","article-title":"Patient perspectives on antiseizure medication discontinuation","volume":"15","author":"Terman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597241238898","article-title":"Exit strategy: balancing the risks and rewards of antiseizure medication withdrawal","volume":"24","author":"Galovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.047459","article-title":"Polygenic risk of epilepsy and post-stroke epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Clocchiatti-Tuozzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12543","article-title":"Recurrence risk after a first remote symptomatic seizure in adults: epilepsy or not?","volume":"6","author":"Zelano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333505","article-title":"Implications for driving based on the risk of seizures after ischaemic stroke","volume":"95","author":"Schubert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00491-0","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate for seizure prevention in patients with stroke at high risk of developing post-stroke epilepsy: a proof-of-concept, phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled antiepileptogenesis trial","volume":"25","author":"Koepp","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106024","article-title":"Statins for the prevention of post-stroke seizure and epilepsy development: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Acton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.11.023","article-title":"Statin on post-stroke epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17303","article-title":"Statins as antiepileptogenic drugs: analyzing the evidence and identifying the most promising statin","volume":"63","author":"Hufthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.04.010","article-title":"Effects of double-dose statin therapy for the prevention of post-stroke epilepsy: a prospective clinical study","volume":"88","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.05.027","article-title":"The angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist losartan retards amygdala kindling-induced epileptogenesis","volume":"1694","author":"Nozaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/14703203261434412","article-title":"Association between seizure, epilepsy and the angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in patients after acute stroke","volume":"27","author":"Kiss","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2025.09.002","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) reduce the risk of developing epilepsy in patients with ischaemic stroke and hypertension","volume":"132","author":"Evangelista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13091","article-title":"Newer glucose-lowering drugs reduce the risk of late-onset seizure and epilepsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sindhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.5.JNS25786","article-title":"Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage: a propensity-matched multi-institutional cohort study","volume":"144","author":"Costa","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70239","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and the risk of late-onset epilepsy: a real-world cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-2532","article-title":"Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and epilepsy: a population-based study using target trial emulation","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114117","article-title":"Dapagliflozin alleviated seizures and cognition impairment in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus via suppressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1937496\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:05:49Z","timestamp":1788534349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1937496\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fneur.2026.1937496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1937496","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-2295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-2295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"article-number":"1937496"}}