{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1790661930421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early hematoma expansion (HE) reflects interval progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, but its association with long-term outcome and its prognostic contribution beyond admission characteristics remain incompletely defined. We evaluated whether HE was independently associated with 6-month functional outcome and provided incremental prognostic information beyond admission characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center retrospective study included 640 adults with traumatic brain injury, including 285 with HE. HE was determined from the first two in-hospital head computed tomography scans obtained within 48 h after injury and was defined as a new intracranial hemorrhagic lesion or an increase of &amp;gt;3 ml in total hemorrhage volume. Six-month outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (1\u20133 unfavorable; 4\u20135 favorable). HE was added to a study-specific baseline model comprising age, admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, D-dimer, baseline hematoma volume, cerebral contusion, diffuse axonal injury, frontal lobe involvement, and long-bone fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At 6 months, 145 patients (22.7%) had an unfavorable outcome. HE was independently associated with a lower likelihood of favorable outcome (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10\u20130.42). Adding HE reduced the Akaike information criterion from 392.767 to 365.908 (likelihood-ratio\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and increased the area under the curve from 0.920 to 0.929 (\u0394AUC = 0.009; DeLong\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0289). Prognostic heterogeneity remained among HE-positive patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early HE is independently associated with 6-month functional outcome in adult patients with TBI. As a readily obtainable finding on routine serial CT, HE may help refine early prognostic assessment in patients with TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1942791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:51:15Z","timestamp":1790661075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early hematoma expansion provides incremental prognostic information beyond admission characteristics for 6-month functional outcome after adult traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang","place":["Lianyungang, 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