{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:54:53Z","timestamp":1790668493763,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Neurol."],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to quantify\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression in the peripheral blood of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and to evaluate its correlation with non-motor symptoms (NMS). We further assessed whether serum interleukin-6 and melatonin levels were associated with\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study included 80 patients with PD and 80 age-and sex-matched healthy controls. General clinical information and scores on multiple NMS scales were collected. Peripheral blood\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of melatonin and interleukin-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the associations between\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression and the NMS scores.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared to healthy controls, patients with PD exhibited significantly lower peripheral blood\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression levels in the morning (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.005).\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n levels were negatively correlated with the NMS Scale score (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22120.407,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001). Furthermore, higher\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n levels were associated with better night-time sleep quality and cognitive function, whereas lower\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n levels correlated with more severe anxiety and depression. A weak positive correlation was observed between\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression and melatonin levels (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.267,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.017). A significant negative correlation was found between\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression and interleukin-6 level (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22120.603,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n In this cross-sectional study, peripheral blood\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n expression at a single morning time point was lower in patients with PD and correlated with NMS severity, suggesting a potential pathway involving\n BMAL1<\/jats:italic>\n , melatonin, and inflammatory cytokines in NMS pathogenesis. Future studies with multiple time-point measurements are required to validate these findings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1962167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:57:45Z","timestamp":1790665065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of peripheral blood BMAL1 level with non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luoqing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongcan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3390\/life15071034","article-title":"Preclinical Parkinson's disease models for non-motor symptoms: research recommendations from a systematic 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