{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:24:20Z","timestamp":1777656260965,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["320030_176222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320030_176222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Rationale<\/jats:bold>: High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in intracranial EEG (iEEG) are used to delineate the epileptogenic zone during presurgical diagnostic assessment in patients with epilepsy. HFOs are historically divided into ripples (80\u2013250 Hz), fast ripples (FR, &amp;gt;250 Hz), and their co-occurrence (FRandR). In a previous study, we had validated the rate of FRandRs during deep sleep to predict seizure outcome. Here, we ask whether epileptic FRandRs might be confounded by physiological FRandRs that are unrelated to epilepsy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>: We recorded iEEG in the medial temporal lobe MTL (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala) in 17 patients while they performed cognitive tasks. The three cognitive tasks addressed verbal working memory, visual working memory, and emotional processing. In our previous studies, these tasks activated the MTL. We re-analyzed the data of these studies with the automated detector that focuses on the co-occurrence of ripples and FRs (FRandR).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: For each task, we identified those channels in which the HFO rate was modulated during the task condition compared to the control condition. However, the number of these channels did not exceed the chance level. Interestingly, even during wakefulness, the HFO rate was higher for channels within the seizure onset zone (SOZ) than for channels outside the SOZ.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>: Our prospective definition of an epileptic HFO, the FRandR, is not confounded by physiological HFOs that might be elicited by our cognitive tasks. This is reassuring for the clinical use of FRandR as a biomarker of the EZ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.613125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T05:36:34Z","timestamp":1614144994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epileptic High-Frequency Oscillations in Intracranial EEG Are Not Confounded by Cognitive Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ece","family":"Boran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Sarnthein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03199.x","article-title":"Focal resection of fast ripples on extraoperative intracranial EEG improves seizure outcome in pediatric epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Akiyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18975-8","article-title":"Long-range phase synchronization of high-frequency oscillations in human cortex","volume":"11","author":"Arnulfo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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