{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:19:17Z","timestamp":1790191157630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-frequency oscillations (HFOs, ripples 80\u2013250 Hz, fast ripples 250\u2013500 Hz) are biomarkers of epileptic tissue. They are most commonly observed over areas generating seizures and increase in occurrence during the ictal compared to the interictal period. It has been hypothesized that their rate correlates with the severity of epilepsy and seizure in affected individuals. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate whether the HFO count mirrors the observed behavioral seizure severity using a kainate rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizures were selected during the chronic epilepsy phase of this model and classified by behavioral severity according to the Racine scale. Seizures with Racine scale 5&amp;amp;6 were considered generalized and severe. HFOs were marked in 24 seizures during a preictal, ictal, and postictal EEG segment. The duration covered by the HFO during these different segments was analyzed and compared between mild and severe seizures. HFOs were significantly increased during ictal periods (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and significantly decreased during postictal periods (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.03) compared to the ictal segment. Ictal ripples (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) as well as fast ripples (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) were significantly higher in severe seizures compared to mild seizures. The present study demonstrates that ictal HFO occurrence mirrors seizure severity in a chronic focal epilepsy model in rats. This is similar to recent observations in patients with refractory mesio-temporal lobe epilepsy. Moreover, postictal HFO decrease might reflect postictal inhibition of epileptic activity. Overall results provide additional evidence that HFOs can be used as biomarkers for measuring seizure severity in epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.624620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T04:25:53Z","timestamp":1623126353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ictal Occurrence of High-Frequency Oscillations Correlates With Seizure Severity in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nadja","family":"Birk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sch\u00f6nberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Helene","family":"Somerlik-Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulze-Bonhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01202.x","article-title":"Effects of noninvasive transcutaneous electrical stimulation via concentric ring electrodes on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats","volume":"48","author":"Besio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:2<137::AID-HIPO5>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"High-frequency oscillations in human brain","volume":"9","author":"Bragin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.02.022","article-title":"Contact size does not affect high frequency oscillation detection in intracerebral EEG recordings in a rat epilepsy model","volume":"122","author":"Ch\u00e2tillon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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