{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:46:11Z","timestamp":1790736371766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H02709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H02709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K19514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K19514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K18424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K18424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20H05471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H05471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>To preserve postoperative brain function, it is important for neurosurgeons to fully understand the brain's structure, vasculature, and function. Intraoperative high-frequency electrical stimulation during awake craniotomy is the gold standard for mapping the function of the cortices and white matter; however, this method can only map the \u201cfocal\u201d functions and cannot monitor large-scale cortical networks in real-time. Recently, an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> electrophysiological method using cortico-cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) induced by single-pulse electrical cortical stimulation has been developed in an extraoperative setting. By using the CCEP connectivity pattern intraoperatively, mapping and real-time monitoring of the dorsal language pathway is available. This intraoperative CCEP method also allows for mapping of the frontal aslant tract, another language pathway, and detection of connectivity between the primary and supplementary motor areas in the frontal lobe network. Intraoperative CCEP mapping has also demonstrated connectivity between the frontal and temporal lobes, likely <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the ventral language pathway. Establishing intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring is clinically useful for preserving brain function, even under general anesthesia. This CCEP technique demonstrates potential clinical applications for mapping and monitoring large-scale cortical networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.635453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T13:44:54Z","timestamp":1613828694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Intraoperative Brain Mapping by Cortico-Cortical Evoked Potential"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Yamao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazumichi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeharu","family":"Kunieda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198911000-00015","article-title":"Brain mapping techniques to maximize resection, safety, and seizure control in children with brain tumors","volume":"25","author":"Berger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.12.001","article-title":"Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain","volume":"48","author":"Catani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1136","article-title":"Virtual in vivo interactive dissection of white matter fasciculi in the human brain","volume":"17","author":"Catani","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20319","article-title":"Perisylvian language networks of the human brain","volume":"57","author":"Catani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2045","article-title":"Electrocorticographic gamma activity during word production in spoken and sign language","volume":"57","author":"Crone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Anatomie des centres nerveux: M\u00e9thodes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d'\u00e9tude-embryologie-histog\u00e9n\u00e8se et histologie","author":"Dejerine","year":"1895"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh423","article-title":"New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity of the semantic system: a study using cortico-subcortical electrostimulations","volume":"128","author":"Duffau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0053-9","article-title":"Is the left uncinate fasciculus essential for language? A cerebral stimulation study","volume":"256","author":"Duffau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.06.018","article-title":"Connections of the limbic network: a corticocortical evoked potentials study","volume":"62","author":"Enatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.043","article-title":"Intraoperative subcortical fiber mapping with subcortico-cortical evoked potentials","volume":"86","author":"Enatsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.07.008","article-title":"Reorganization of posterior language area in temporal lobe epilepsy: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study","volume":"103","author":"Enatsu","year":"","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.08.026","article-title":"Cortical negative motor network in comparison with sensorimotor network: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study","volume":"49","author":"Enatsu","year":"","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-200202000-00011","article-title":"Somatotopy of the supplementary motor area: evidence from correlation of the extent of surgical resection with the clinical patterns of deficit","volume":"50","author":"Fontaine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.10.011","article-title":"Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language","volume":"92","author":"Hickok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.11.026","article-title":"Intraoperative cortico-cortical evoked potentials show disconnection of the motor cortex from the epileptogenic network during subtotal hemispherotomy","volume":"129","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2014.0225","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging networks induced by intracranial stimulation may help defining the epileptogenic zone","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00073","article-title":"Tailor-made surgery based on functional networks for intractable epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Kamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17452","article-title":"Disconnection of the pathological connectome for multifocal epilepsy surgery","volume":"129","author":"Kamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.137","article-title":"Interhemispheric asymmetry of network connecting between frontal and temporoparietal cortices: a corticocortical-evoked potential study","volume":"120","author":"Kanno","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9152","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4289-13.2014","article-title":"Corticocortical evoked potentials reveal projectors and integrators in human brain networks","volume":"34","author":"Keller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.06.011","article-title":"Asymmetric bilateral effect of the supplementary motor area proper in the human motor system","volume":"123","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0863-0","article-title":"Role of fronto-striatal tract and frontal aslant tract in movement and speech: an axonal mapping study","volume":"220","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.12.022","article-title":"Cortico-cortical evoked potential by single-pulse electrical stimulation is a generally safe procedure","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr163","article-title":"Connectivity between perisylvian and bilateral basal temporal cortices","volume":"22","author":"Koubeissi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.5.871","article-title":"Role of the supplementary motor area in motor deficit following medial frontal lobe surgery","volume":"57","author":"Krainik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(77)90148-4","article-title":"Clinical consequences of corticectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man","volume":"34","author":"Laplane","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-006-9033-0","article-title":"Intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring: overview and update","volume":"20","author":"Macdonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.10.008","article-title":"Recommendations of the International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology for intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials","volume":"130","author":"Macdonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.07.025","article-title":"Intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring - a position statement by the American Society of Neurophysiological Monitoring","volume":"124","author":"Macdonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01414.x","article-title":"Cortex-sparing fiber dissection: an improved method for the study of white matter anatomy in the human brain","volume":"219","author":"Martino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.11.003","article-title":"Single pulse electrical stimulation to probe functional and pathological connectivity in epilepsy","volume":"44","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21407","article-title":"Parieto-frontal network in humans studied by cortico-cortical evoked potential","volume":"33","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl257","article-title":"Functional connectivity in human cortical motor system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study","volume":"130","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh246","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the human language system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study","volume":"127","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.02.007","article-title":"Cortico-cortical evoked potentials and stimulation-elicited gamma activity preferentially propagate from lower- to higher-order visual areas","volume":"124","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.09.010","article-title":"Effects of depth electrode montage and single-pulse electrical stimulation sites on neuronal responses and effective connectivity","volume":"131","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.030","article-title":"Four-dimensional tractography animates propagations of neural activation via distinct interhemispheric pathways","volume":"132","author":"Mitsuhashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.781","article-title":"Fiber tracking: principles and strategies - a technical review","volume":"15","author":"Mori","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa065","article-title":"Connectivity gradient in the human left inferior frontal gyrus: intraoperative cortico-cortical evoked potential study","volume":"30","author":"Nakae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.166","article-title":"Frontal fibers connecting the superior frontal gyrus to broca area: a corticocortical evoked potential study","volume":"107","author":"Ookawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.3.342","article-title":"Motor areas of the medial wall: a review of their location and functional activation","volume":"6","author":"Picard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.11.JNS182609","article-title":"Awake craniotomy with transcortical motor evoked potential monitoring for resection of gliomas in the precentral gyrus: utility for predicting motor function","volume":"15","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.4.JNS131195","article-title":"Intraoperative cortico-cortical evoked potentials for the evaluation of language function during brain tumor resection: initial experience with 13 cases","volume":"121","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/35086012","article-title":"Correlated neuronal activity and the flow of neural information","volume":"2","author":"Salinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.02.129","article-title":"Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping of medial frontal motor areas and functional outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Shibata","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(92)90038-O","article-title":"Use of propofol (Diprivan) for awake craniotomies: technical note","volume":"38","author":"Silbergeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.11.253","article-title":"The influence of anesthesia on corticocortical evoked potential monitoring network between frontal and temporoparietal cortices","volume":"123","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.4.JNS15193","article-title":"Passive language mapping combining real-time oscillation analysis with cortico-cortical evoked potentials for awake craniotomy","volume":"125","author":"Tamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21189","article-title":"Uneven interhemispheric connections between left and right primary sensori-motor areas","volume":"33","author":"Terada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31818f4fec","article-title":"Interhemispheric connection of motor areas in humans","volume":"25","author":"Terada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/10\/0605","article-title":"Extraoperative functional mapping of motor areas in epileptic patients by high-frequency cortical stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Usui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307492","article-title":"White matter connections of the supplementary motor area in humans","volume":"85","author":"Vergani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016047","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5cdd","article-title":"Measuring the electrophysiological effects of direct electrical stimulation after awake brain surgery","volume":"17","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural. Eng."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.04.024","article-title":"A possible variant of negative motor seizure arising from the supplementary negative motor area","volume":"134","author":"Yamao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22479","article-title":"Intraoperative dorsal language network mapping by using single-pulse electrical stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Yamao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B56","article-title":"\u201cAnesthetic effect on cortico-cortical evoked potentials during intraoperative dorsal language pathway monitoring,\u201d","volume-title":"The 40th Annual Meeting of the Japan Neuroscience Society","author":"Yamao","year":""},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23498","article-title":"Clinical impact of intraoperative CCEP monitoring in evaluating the dorsal language white matter pathway","volume":"38","author":"Yamao","year":"","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.179","article-title":"Monitoring corticocortical evoked potentials during intracranial vascular surgery","volume":"122","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.635453\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T13:44:57Z","timestamp":1613828697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.635453\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2021.635453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.635453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"article-number":"635453"}}