{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:08:33Z","timestamp":1775891313923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate whether the effect of mental practice (motor imagery training) can be enhanced by providing neurofeedback based on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor evoked potentials (MEP). Twenty-four healthy, right-handed subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups: a group that was given correct TMS feedback (Real-FB group) and a group that was given randomized false TMS feedback (Sham-FB group). The subjects imagined pushing the switch with just timing, when the target circle overlapped a cross at the center of the computer monitor. In the Real-FB group, feedback was provided to the subjects based on the MEP amplitude measured in the trial immediately preceding motor imagery. In contrast, the subjects of the Sham-FB group were provided with a feedback value that was independent of the MEP amplitude. TMS was applied when the target, moving from right to left, overlapped the cross at the center of the screen, and the MEP amplitude was measured. The MEP was recorded in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. We evaluated the pre-mental practice and post-mental practice motor performance in both groups. As a result, a significant difference was observed in the percentage change of error values between the Real-FB group and the Sham-FB group. Furthermore, the MEP was significantly different between the groups in the 4th and 5th sets. Therefore, it was suggested that TMS-induced MEP-based neurofeedback might enhance the effect of mental practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.637401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T19:59:39Z","timestamp":1613246379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Study on the Effect of Mental Practice Using Motor Evoked Potential-Based Neurofeedback"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takefumi","family":"Moriuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Ikio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Mitsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moemi","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomotaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Higashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941104200411","article-title":"A large clinical study on the ability of stroke patients to use an eeg-based motor imagery brain-computer interface","volume":"42","author":"Ang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00105","article-title":"Motor cortical plasticity induced by motor learning through mental practice","volume":"9","author":"Avanzino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00018","article-title":"Improvement in precision grip force control with self-modulation of primary motor cortex during motor imagery","volume":"9","author":"Blefari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310368683","article-title":"Combination of brain-computer interface training and goal-directed physical therapy in chronic stroke: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Broetz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2101-0","article-title":"Actual and mental motor preparation and execution: a spatiotemporal ERP study","volume":"159","author":"Caldara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(97)00052-0","article-title":"Post-stroke reorganization of brain motor output to the hand: a 2-4 month follow-up with focal magnetic transcranial stimulation","volume":"105","author":"Cicinelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. \u2013 Electromyogr. Mot. Control"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505210102","article-title":"Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI","volume":"102","author":"deCharms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.11.012","article-title":"Is the human primary motor cortex involved in motor imagery?","volume":"19","author":"Dechent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0314","article-title":"Cerebral processes related to visuomotor imagery and generation of simple finger movements studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"7","author":"Deiber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00070-1","article-title":"Post-stroke reorganization of hand motor area: a 1-year prospective follow-up with focal transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"114","author":"Delvaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.080","article-title":"Short-term effects of integrated motor imagery practice on muscle activation and force performance","volume":"305","author":"Di Rienzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2008.04.004","article-title":"Imaging the imagination: the trouble with motor imagery","volume":"45","author":"Dietrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01113.2002","article-title":"Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations","volume":"90","author":"Ehrsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.9.1854","article-title":"Prognostic value of motor evoked potential obtained by transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in motor function recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"29","author":"Escudero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.1o004.x","article-title":"Focal enhancement of motor cortex excitability during motor imagery: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"105","author":"Facchini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta. Neurol. Scand"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00089-X","article-title":"Corticospinal excitability is specifically modulated by motor imagery: a magnetic stimulation study","volume":"37","author":"Fadiga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1263","article-title":"Mental practice maintains range of motion despite forearm immobilization: a pilot study in healthy persons","volume":"46","author":"Frenkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.11.1093","article-title":"Partially overlapping neural networks for real and imagined hand movements","volume":"10","author":"Gerardin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00132.2002","article-title":"Functional properties of brain areas associated with motor execution and imagery","volume":"89","author":"Hanakawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(98)00042-X","article-title":"Mental representations of movements. brain potentials associated with imagination of eye movements","volume":"110","author":"Hollinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.012","article-title":"Modulation of functional network with real-time fMRI feedback training of right premotor cortex activity","volume":"62","author":"Hui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e32834d2032","article-title":"The effect of visual and auditory enhancements on excitability of the primary motor cortex during motor imagery: a pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Ikeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00369-0","article-title":"Functional cerebral reorganization following motor sequence learning through mental practice with motor imagery","volume":"20","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40843","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40843","article-title":"Neural activity related to volitional regulation of cortical excitability","volume":"7","author":"Kathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2003.03066.x","article-title":"Effector-independent representations of simple and complex imagined finger movements: a combined fMRI and TMS study","volume":"18","author":"Kuhtz-Buschbeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70150-4","article-title":"Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Langhorne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563553","article-title":"Activation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: an fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Lotze","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2006.03.012","article-title":"Motor imagery","volume":"99","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2004.04.023","article-title":"Estimation of cortical activity from noninvasive high-resolution EEG recordings","volume":"1270","author":"Mattia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Congr. Ser"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.008","article-title":"TMS measures of motor cortex function after stroke: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"McDonnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.007","article-title":"The BOLD response in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area during kinesthetic motor imagery based graded fMRI neurofeedback","volume":"184","author":"Mehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.12.005","article-title":"Playing piano in the mind - an fMRI study on music imagery and performance in pianists","volume":"19","author":"Meister","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32234","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032234","article-title":"Neurofeedback using real-time near-infrared spectroscopy enhances motor imagery related cortical activation","volume":"7","author":"Mihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00810","article-title":"Activity of right premotor-parietal regions dependent upon imagined force level: an fMRI study","volume":"8","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.12.410","article-title":"Neurophysiology of motor skill learning in chronic stroke","volume":"131","author":"Mooney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581652","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.581652","article-title":"The vividness of motor imagery is correlated with corticospinal excitability during combined motor imagery and action observation","volume":"14","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.12.024","article-title":"Cognitive motor processes: the role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations","volume":"60","author":"Munzert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2012.003475","article-title":"Effect of imagery perspective on occupational performance after stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Nilsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.23.703","article-title":"Excitability changes in the human primary motor cortex during observation with motor imagery of chopstick use","volume":"23","author":"Ohno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308326427","article-title":"Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke","volume":"23","author":"Page","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.3803","article-title":"The effects of mental practice on unilateral neglect in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00889-6","article-title":"Motor imagery activates primary sensorimotor area in humans","volume":"239","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24390","article-title":"Brain-computer interface boosts motor imagery practice during stroke recovery","volume":"77","author":"Pichiorri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00182.x","article-title":"Ipsilateral involvement of primary motor cortex during motor imagery","volume":"12","author":"Porro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-23-07688.1996","article-title":"Primary motor and sensory cortex activation during motor performance and motor imagery: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"16","author":"Porro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0208-20.2020","article-title":"Neurofeedback-linked suppression of cortical \u03b2 bursts speeds up movement initiation in healthy motor control: a double-blind sham-controlled study","volume":"40","author":"Shenghong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311418345","article-title":"Acquired control of ventral premotor cortex activity by feedback training: an exploratory real-time fMRI and TMS study","volume":"26","author":"Sitaram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16309","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3498-11.2011","article-title":"Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for treatment of Parkinson's disease","volume":"31","author":"Subramanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308317578","article-title":"Predicting hand motor recovery in severe stroke: the role of motor evoked potentials in relation to early clinical assessment","volume":"23","author":"van Kuijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.09.014","article-title":"The relationship between corticospinal excitability during motor imagery and motor imagery ability","volume":"226","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1589\/rika.25.599","article-title":"Effect of mental practice on muscular strength reinforcement of the quadriceps femoris muscle","volume":"25","author":"Yasushi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kagaku"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088785","article-title":"Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training of amygdala activity in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"9","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.637401\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T19:59:42Z","timestamp":1613246382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.637401\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2021.637401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.637401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"article-number":"637401"}}