{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1775704951783,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000855","name":"University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Are people with a characteristically large physiological sway rendered particularly unstable when standing on a moving surface? Is postural sway in standing individuals idiosyncratic? In this study, we examine postural sway in individuals standing normally, and when subtle continuous sinusoidal disturbances are applied to their support platform. We calculate consistency between conditions to verify if sway can be considered characteristic of each individual. We also correlate two different aspects of participants\u2019 responses to disturbance; their sway velocity and their regulation of body orientation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen healthy adults (age 29.2 \u00b1 3.2 years) stood freely on footplates coaxially aligned with their ankles and attached to a motorized platform. They had their eyes closed, and hips and knees locked with a light wooden board attached to their body. Participants either stood quietly on a fixed platform or on a slowly tilting platform (0.1 Hz sinusoid; 0.2 and 0.4 deg). Postural sway size was separated into two entities: (1) the spontaneous sway velocity component (natural random relatively rapid postural adjustments, RMS body angular velocity) and (2) the evoked tilt gain component (much slower 0.1 Hz synchronous tilt induced by the movement of the platform, measured as peak-to-peak (p-p) gain, ratio of body angle to applied footplate rotation).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no correlation between the velocity of an individual\u2019s sway and their evoked tilt gain (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.34,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.15 and<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= 0.30,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.22). However, when considered separately, each of the two measurements showed fair to good absolute agreement within conditions. Spontaneous sway velocity consistently increased as participants were subjected to increasing disturbance. Participants who swayed more (or less) did so across all conditions [ICC<jats:sub>(3,k)<\/jats:sub>= 0.95]. Evoked tilt gain also showed consistency between conditions [ICC<jats:sub>(3,k)<\/jats:sub>= 0.79], but decreased from least to most disturbed conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two measurements remain consistent between conditions. Consistency between conditions of two very distinct unrelated measurements reflects the idiosyncratic nature of postural sway. However, sway velocity and tilt gain are not related, which supports the idea that the short-term regulation of stability and the longer-term regulation of orientation are controlled by different processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.660470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T05:21:30Z","timestamp":1621228890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Idiosyncratic Characteristics of Postural Sway in Normal and Perturbed Standing"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tania E.","family":"Sakanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lakie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond F.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0128-0","article-title":"Postural control in multiple sclerosis: implications for fall prevention.","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00856.2004","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent changes in the vestibular contribution to human postural control.","volume":"95","author":"Cenciarini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019824","article-title":"Effect of vision and stance width on human body motion when standing: implications for afferent control of lateral sway.","volume":"469","author":"Day","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.07.001","article-title":"Postural control and cognitive decline in older adults: Position versus velocity implicit motor strategy.","volume":"39","author":"Deschamps","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"102","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of stance balance performance in the clinic using a novel measurement device.","volume":"45","author":"Dickstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiother. Can."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552010000300003","article-title":"Revision of posturography based on force plate for balance evaluation.","volume":"14","author":"Duarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Fisioter."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020369","article-title":"Stable human standing with lower-limb muscle afferents providing the only sensory input.","volume":"480","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019278","article-title":"Ankle stiffness of standing humans in response to imperceptible perturbation: reflex and task-dependent components.","volume":"1","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(23)00004-7","article-title":"Intrasubject variability of selected force-platform parameters in the quantification of postural control.","volume":"74","author":"Geurts","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13452","article-title":"Postural sway normative data across the adult lifespan: results from 6280 individuals on the Balance Tracking System balance test.","volume":"18","author":"Goble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00136-7","article-title":"Kinesthetic reference for human orthograde posture.","volume":"68","author":"Gurfinkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.1995.tb00701.x","article-title":"Retest reliability of centre of pressure measures of standing balance in healthy older women.","volume":"14","author":"Hill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. J. Ageing"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(89)90010-9","article-title":"Components of postural dyscontrol in the elderly: a review.","volume":"10","author":"Horak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01142.2006","article-title":"Control and estimation of posture during quiet stance depends on multijoint coordination.","volume":"97","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365601","article-title":"Some methods and parameters of body sway quantification and their neurological applications.","volume":"228","author":"Hufschmidt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research.","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.08.089","article-title":"Intrasession reliability of center of pressure measures of postural steadiness in healthy elderly people.","volume":"85","author":"Lafond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.036939","article-title":"Human balancing of an inverted pendulum with a compliant linkage: neural control by anticipatory intermittent bias.","volume":"551","author":"Lakie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.116772","article-title":"Manually controlled human balancing using visual, vestibular and proprioceptive senses involves a common, low frequency neural process.","volume":"577","author":"Lakie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.194712","article-title":"Human control of an inverted pendulum: is continuous control necessary? Is intermittent control effective? Is intermittent control physiological?","volume":"589","author":"Loram","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013077","article-title":"Human balancing of an inverted pendulum: position control by small, ballistic-like, throw and catch movements.","volume":"540","author":"Loram","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.076307","article-title":"Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius.","volume":"564","author":"Loram","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01588.x","article-title":"Aging and postural control: a comparison of spontaneous- and induced-sway balance tests.","volume":"38","author":"Maki","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M123","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.4.M123","article-title":"Fear of falling and postural performance in the elderly.","volume":"46","author":"Maki","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.","author":"McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213870","article-title":"Quiet standing: the single inverted pendulum model is not so bad after all.","volume":"14","author":"Morasso","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000873","article-title":"Balance control: sex and age differences in 9- to 16-years-olds.","volume":"47","author":"Nolan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B28","author":"Osborne","year":"2013","journal-title":"An Investigation Into the Neural Mechanisms of Human Balance."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)00165-0","article-title":"Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control.","volume":"30","author":"Pai","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control.","volume":"88","author":"Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000089820","article-title":"Force platform measurements as predictors of falls among older people\u2013a review.","volume":"52","author":"Piirtola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1109\/10.532130","article-title":"Measures of postural steadiness: differences between healthy young and elderly adults.","volume":"43","author":"Prieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101117","article-title":"Center of pressure displacement characteristics differentiate fall risk in older people: a systematic review with meta-analysis.","volume":"62","author":"Quijoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.11.006","article-title":"The assessment of body sway and the choice of the stability parameter(s).","volume":"21","author":"Raymakers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(93)90021-R","article-title":"Stability limits of quiet standing postural control in children and adults.","volume":"1","author":"Riach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.11.042","article-title":"Developmental changes of static standing balance in children.","volume":"376","author":"Rival","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2140\/pjm.2013.261.445","author":"Rosner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fundamentals of biostatistics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.09.012","article-title":"The test-retest reliability of centre of pressure measures in bipedal static task conditions\u2013a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"32","author":"Ruhe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193850","article-title":"Intrinsic ankle stiffness during standing increases with ankle torque and passive stretch of the Achilles tendon.","volume":"13","author":"Sakanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244993","article-title":"Individual differences in intrinsic ankle stiffness and their relationship to body sway and ankle torque.","volume":"16","author":"Sakanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271137","article-title":"Sway-dependent changes in standing ankle stiffness caused by muscle thixotropy.","volume":"594","author":"Sakanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214434","article-title":"Age and sex differences in human balance performance from 6-18 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Schedler","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.07.009","article-title":"Clinical stabilometry standardization. Basic definitions - Acquisition interval - Sampling frequency.","volume":"37","author":"Scoppa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000244784","article-title":"The effect of age on the control of sway.","volume":"5","author":"Sheldon","year":"1963","journal-title":"Gerontol. Clin. (Basel)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability.","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0022319","article-title":"Postural instability via a loss of intermittent control in elderly and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a model-based and data-driven approach.","volume":"30","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.220","article-title":"The clinical utility of posturography.","volume":"119","author":"Visser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"79","article-title":"Standing man, slow rhythmic tilting, importance of vision.","volume":"14","author":"Walsh","year":"1973","journal-title":"Agressologie"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12329","article-title":"Universal and individual characteristics of postural sway during quiet standing in healthy young adults.","volume":"3","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.660470\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T20:05:23Z","timestamp":1699041923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.660470\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2021.660470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.660470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"article-number":"660470"}}