{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:45:12Z","timestamp":1791614712643,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019125","name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impairments in dexterous upper limb function are a significant cause of disability following stroke. While the physiological basis of movement deficits consequent to a lesion in the pyramidal tract is well demonstrated, specific mechanisms contributing to optimal recovery are less apparent. Various upper limb interventions (motor learning methods, neurostimulation techniques, robotics, virtual reality, and serious games) are associated with improvements in motor performance, but many patients continue to experience significant limitations with object handling in everyday activities. Exactly how we go about consolidating adaptive motor behaviors through the rehabilitation process thus remains a considerable challenge. An important part of this problem is the ability to successfully distinguish the extent to which a given gesture is determined by the neuromotor impairment and that which is determined by a compensatory mechanism. This question is particularly complicated in tasks involving manual dexterity where prehensile movements are contingent upon the task (individual digit movement, grasping, and manipulation\u2026) and its objective (placing, two step actions\u2026), as well as personal factors (motivation, acquired skills, and life habits\u2026) and contextual cues related to the environment (presence of tools or assistive devices\u2026). Presently, there remains a lack of integrative studies which differentiate processes related to structural changes associated with the neurological lesion and those related to behavioral change in response to situational constraints. In this text, we shall question the link between impairments, motor strategies and individual performance in object handling tasks. This scoping review will be based on clinical studies, and discussed in relation to more general findings about hand and upper limb function (manipulation of objects, tool use in daily life activity). We shall discuss how further quantitative studies on human manipulation in ecological contexts may provide greater insight into compensatory motor behavior in patients with a neurological impairment of dexterous upper-limb function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T03:19:56Z","timestamp":1624245596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Impairment and Compensation in Dexterous Upper-Limb Function After Stroke. From the Direct Consequences of Pyramidal Tract Lesions to Behavioral Involvement of Both Upper-Limbs in Daily Activities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Roby-Brami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathana\u00ebl","family":"Jarrass\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.2.331","article-title":"Human arm trajectory formation.","volume":"105","author":"Abend","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320981955","article-title":"Development of a comprehensive outcome measure for motor coordination; Step 1: three-phase content validity process.","volume":"35","author":"Alouche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150527","article-title":"Circuits for skilled reaching and grasping.","volume":"35","author":"Alstermark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0292-6","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on upper extremity outcome measures after stroke.","volume":"15","author":"Alt Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312448234","article-title":"Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke.","volume":"26","author":"Alt Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.12.003","article-title":"The promise of wearable activity sensors to define patient recovery.","volume":"21","author":"Appelboom","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.52.2.212","article-title":"Experiments on functional role of peripheral input to motor cortex during voluntary movements in the monkey.","volume":"52","author":"Asanuma","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102308","article-title":"Creating affording situations: coaching through animate objects.","volume":"17","author":"Baber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315583720","article-title":"Quantifying real-world upper-limb activity in nondisabled adults and adults with chronic stroke.","volume":"29","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2014.12.010","article-title":"Pathways mediating functional recovery.","volume":"218","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0451-2","article-title":"Kinect-based assessment of proximal arm non-use after a stroke.","volume":"15","author":"Bakhti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0090-9","article-title":"On the analysis of movement smoothness.","volume":"12","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.10.1009","article-title":"Multiple levels of representation of reaching in the parieto-frontal network.","volume":"13","author":"Battaglia-Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900275","article-title":"Deficits in the coordination of multijoint arm movements in patients with hemiparesis: evidence for disturbed control of limb dynamics.","volume":"131","author":"Beer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.5.3147","article-title":"Plasticity in the distribution of the red nucleus output to forearm muscles after unilateral lesions of the pyramidal tract.","volume":"83","author":"Belhaj-Saif","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309347683","article-title":"Botulinum toxin to treat upper-limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients: grasp strategies and kinematics of reach-to-grasp movements.","volume":"24","author":"Bensmail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019851287","article-title":"Setting the scene for the second stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable.","volume":"14","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B18","author":"Bernstein","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Coordination and Regulation of Movements."},{"key":"B19","author":"Bernstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"On Dexterity and Its Development."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0152","article-title":"Modelling natural and artificial hands with synergies.","volume":"366","author":"Bicchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.065","article-title":"Individual recovery profiles of manual dexterity, and relation to corticospinal lesion load and excitability after stroke -a longitudinal pilot study.","volume":"49","author":"Birchenall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.08.004","article-title":"Combining modules for movement.","volume":"57","author":"Bizzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00459","article-title":"Precision grip in congenital and acquired hemiparesis: similarities in impairments and implications for neurorehabilitation.","volume":"8","author":"Bleyenheuft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309353327","article-title":"Predictive and reactive control of precision grip in children with congenital hemiplegia.","volume":"24","author":"Bleyenheuft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245517","article-title":"Hand rehabilitation and telemonitoring through smart toys.","volume":"19","author":"Borghese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18669-6_5","article-title":"Learning to use tools: a functional approach to action","author":"Bril","year":"2015","journal-title":"Francophone Perspectives of Learning Through Work: Conceptions, Traditions and Practices"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4000\/pistes.2270","article-title":"Analyse et exploitation de la variabilit\u00e9 gestuelle dans la pr\u00e9vention des TMS.","volume":"11","author":"Brunet","year":"2009","journal-title":"PISTES Perspectives interdisciplinaires sur le travail et la sant\u00e9"},{"key":"B28","author":"Brunnstrom","year":"1970","journal-title":"Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia: A Neurophysiological Approach."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00715.2017","article-title":"Abnormally reduced primary motor cortex output is related to impaired hand function in chronic stroke.","volume":"120","author":"Buetefisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2013.6","article-title":"Grasp frequency and usage in daily household and machine shop tasks.","volume":"6","author":"Bullock","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4538-8","article-title":"Brain activation is related to smoothness of upper limb movements after stroke.","volume":"234","author":"Buma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.023550","article-title":"Preclinical studies of neuroplasticity following experimental brain injury.","volume":"50","author":"Bundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827624a7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spasticity in stroke.","volume":"80","author":"Burke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24472","article-title":"Proportional recovery after stroke depends on corticomotor integrity.","volume":"78","author":"Byblow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00066","article-title":"On the functional organization and operational principles of the motor cortex.","volume":"7","author":"Capaday","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2466\/25.27.PMS.118k27w2","article-title":"Use of objective psychomotor tests in health professionals.","volume":"118","author":"Causby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.25.4.927","article-title":"The scaling of human grip configurations.","volume":"25","author":"Cesari","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1076530","article-title":"The use of augmented auditory feedback to improve arm reaching in stroke: a case series.","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212056109","article-title":"Muscle synergy patterns as physiological markers of motor cortical damage.","volume":"109","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.411","article-title":"Correlations between arm motor behavior and brain function following bilateral arm training after stroke: a systematic review.","volume":"5","author":"Choo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319836233","article-title":"The relationship between enhanced reticulospinal outflow and upper limb function in chronic stroke patients.","volume":"33","author":"Choudhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.5.940","article-title":"Compensatory strategies for reaching in stroke.","volume":"123","author":"Cirstea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306298414","article-title":"Improvement of arm movement patterns and endpoint control depends on type of feedback during practice in stroke survivors.","volume":"21","author":"Cirstea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0626-y","article-title":"Evolutionary origins of human handedness: evaluating contrasting hypotheses.","volume":"16","author":"Cochet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.749","article-title":"The distribution of muscular weakness in upper motor neuron lesions affecting the arm.","volume":"112","author":"Colebatch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004433.pub3","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in people with stroke.","volume":"2015","author":"Corbetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh432","article-title":"Kinetic and kinematic workspaces of the index finger following stroke.","volume":"128","author":"Cruz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.02.023","article-title":"Assessment of the Ipsilesional hand function in stroke survivors: the effect of lesion side.","volume":"26","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406292782","article-title":"Vicarious function of remote cortex following stroke: recent evidence from human and animal studies.","volume":"12","author":"Dancause","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500199102","article-title":"Shared and specific muscle synergies in natural motor behaviors.","volume":"102","author":"d\u2019Avella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B51","first-page":"167","article-title":"Troubles de la motilit\u00e9","author":"Dejerine","year":"1914","journal-title":"S\u00e9m\u00e9iologie des Affections du Syst\u00e8me Nerveux"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.1.452","article-title":"Postural control of three-dimensional prehension movements.","volume":"77","author":"Desmurget","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.9.1564","article-title":"Performance of the \u2018unaffected\u2019 upper extremity of elderly stroke patients.","volume":"27","author":"Desrosiers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200102)24:2<273::AID-MUS130>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Abnormal joint torque patterns in the paretic upper limb of subjects with hemiparesis.","volume":"24","author":"Dewald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316680490","article-title":"A rehabilitation-internet-of-things in the home to augment motor skills and exercise training.","volume":"31","author":"Dobkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00469","article-title":"Role of the Contralesional vs. Ipsilesional hemisphere in stroke recovery.","volume":"11","author":"Dodd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg069","article-title":"Correlation between impaired dexterity and corticospinal tract dysgenesis in congenital hemiplegia.","volume":"126","author":"Duque","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1992.tb14994.x","article-title":"Impaired anticipatory control of isometric forces during grasping by children with cerebral palsy.","volume":"34","author":"Eliasson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04445.x","article-title":"A classification of manipulative hand movements.","volume":"26","author":"Elliott","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2005.05.005","article-title":"The effect of task constraints on infants\u2019 (bi)manual strategy for grasping and exploring objects.","volume":"28","author":"Fagard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003168","article-title":"Upper limb recovery after stroke is associated with Ipsilesional primary motor cortical activity: a meta-analysis.","volume":"45","author":"Favre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"1","article-title":"The GRASP taxonomy of human grasp types","author":"Feix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2736-4","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Referent Control of Action and Perception, Challenging Conventional Theories in Behavioral Neuroscience."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.255326","article-title":"Gamification of stroke rehabilitation exercises using a smartphone","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth \u201914)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581267.013","article-title":"Predictive mechanisms and object representations used in object manipulation","author":"Flanagan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensorimotor Control of Grasping, Physiology and Pathophysiology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0473","article-title":"Does repetitive task training improve functional activity after stroke? A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"42","author":"French","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/08990229870745","article-title":"Recovery of motor function after focal cortical injury in primates: compensatory movement patterns used during rehabilitative training.","volume":"15","author":"Friel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot. Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","article-title":"The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance.","volume":"7","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187608","article-title":"Functional classification of grasp strategies used by hemiplegic patients.","volume":"12","author":"Garcia Alvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh713","article-title":"Multimodal imaging of brain reorganization in motor areas of the contralesional hemisphere of well recovered patients after capsular stroke.","volume":"129","author":"Gerloff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00774.2011","article-title":"Enhanced propriospinal excitation from hand muscles to wrist flexors during reach-to-grasp in humans.","volume":"107","author":"Giboin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20284","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: paresis and soft tissue changes.","volume":"31","author":"Gracies","year":"","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20285","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: emergence of muscle overactivity.","volume":"31","author":"Gracies","year":"","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00290.2006","article-title":"Computational motor control: redundancy and invariance.","volume":"97","author":"Guigon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05507-0","article-title":"The effects of speed of execution on upper-limb kinematics in activities of daily living with respect to age.","volume":"237","author":"Gulde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051072","article-title":"Suitability of the kinect sensor and leap motion controller-A literature review.","volume":"19","author":"Guzsvinecz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.05.011","article-title":"Relationship between arm usage and instrumental activities of daily living after unilateral stroke.","volume":"93","author":"Haaland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000133","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation reaches a threshold.","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.10.005","article-title":"Deficits of anticipatory grip force control after damage to peripheral and central sensorimotor systems.","volume":"23","author":"Hermsdorfer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00042-7","article-title":"Grip force control during object manipulation in cerebral stroke.","volume":"114","author":"Hermsdorfer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050815","article-title":"Effects of unilateral brain damage on grip selection, coordination, and kinematics of Ipsilesional prehension.","volume":"128","author":"Hermsdorfer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002343","article-title":"Use it and improve it or lose it: interactions between arm function and use in humans post-stroke.","volume":"8","author":"Hidaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00866.2012","article-title":"Evidence for reticulospinal contributions to coordinated finger movements in humans.","volume":"110","author":"Honeycutt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy302","article-title":"Recovery after stroke: not so proportional after all?","volume":"142","author":"Hope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.10.031","article-title":"Practice-based evidence research in rehabilitation: an alternative to randomized controlled trials and traditional observational studies.","volume":"93","author":"Horn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B86","first-page":"247","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of motor deficit with an intelligent key object: a pilot study","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71476-4_12","article-title":"Opposition space as a structuring concept for the analysis of skilled hand movements","author":"Iberall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Generation and Modulation of Action Patterns"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1818138","article-title":"Smart home and communication technology for people with disability: a scoping review.","author":"Jamwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.12.003","article-title":"New clinical trial designs in the era of precision medicine: an overview of definitions, strengths, weaknesses, and current use in oncology.","volume":"73","author":"Janiaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"B90","article-title":"Analysis of grasping strategies and function in hemiparetic patients using an instrumented object.","volume":"2013","author":"Jarrass\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Rehabil. Robot."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1984.10735319","article-title":"The timing of natural prehension movements.","volume":"16","author":"Jeannerod","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581267.011","article-title":"The study of hand movements during grasping. A historical perspective","author":"Jeannerod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensorimotor Control of Grasping, Physiology and Pathophysiology"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581267.012","article-title":"Sensory control of object manipulation","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensorimotor Control of Grasping, Physiology and Pathophysiology"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90139-C","article-title":"Sensory-motor coordination during grasping and manipulative actions.","volume":"2","author":"Johansson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0817-0","article-title":"Bilateral assessment of functional tasks for robot-assisted therapy applications.","volume":"49","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030748","article-title":"Big data analytics and sensor-enhanced activity management to improve effectiveness and efficiency of outpatient medical rehabilitation.","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80567-2","article-title":"Outcome and time course of recovery in stroke. Part I: outcome. The copenhagen stroke study.","volume":"76","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77064-2_8","article-title":"From intention to action: motor cortex and the control of reaching movements.","volume":"629","author":"Kalaska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00413.2013","article-title":"Finger-thumb coupling contributes to exaggerated thumb flexion in stroke survivors.","volume":"111","author":"Kamper","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-170737","article-title":"Bimanual coordination: a missing piece of arm rehabilitation after stroke.","volume":"35","author":"Kantak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B101","author":"Kapandji","year":"1980","journal-title":"Physiologie Articulaire. Tome 1, Membre Sup\u00e9rieur."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52901-5.00008-3","article-title":"Motor learning principles for neurorehabilitation.","volume":"110","author":"Kitago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312452631","article-title":"Improvement after constraint-induced movement therapy: recovery of normal motor control or task-specific compensation?","volume":"27","author":"Kitago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.05.017","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area and the hierarchical organization of human behavior.","volume":"50","author":"Koechlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(01)00094-7","article-title":"Identification of multiple nonprimary motor cortical areas with simple movements.","volume":"36","author":"Kollias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000200544.29915.cc","article-title":"Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation.","volume":"19","author":"Krakauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019873519","article-title":"Standardized measurement of quality of upper limb movement after stroke: consensus-based core recommendations from the Second Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.","volume":"14","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70160-7","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke.","volume":"14","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100999","article-title":"Kinematics of prehension and pointing movements in C6 quadriplegic patients.","volume":"38","author":"Laffont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00130.2003","article-title":"Differential impairment of individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or the corticospinal tract.","volume":"90","author":"Lang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00805.2003","article-title":"Reduced muscle selectivity during individuated finger movements in humans after damage to the motor cortex or corticospinal tract.","volume":"91","author":"Lang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2350-6","article-title":"Deficits in grasp versus reach during acute hemiparesis.","volume":"166","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195333169.001.0001","author":"Latash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Synergy."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00041467","article-title":"What are \u201cnormal movements\u201d in atypical populations?","volume":"19","author":"Latash","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2128-3","article-title":"Prehension synergies and control with referent hand configurations.","volume":"202","author":"Latash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008349.pub4","article-title":"Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation.","volume":"11","author":"Laver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.1.15","article-title":"The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathways.","volume":"91","author":"Lawrence","year":"1968","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050811","article-title":"Neural control of dexterity: what has been achieved?","volume":"128","author":"Lemon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)43026-4","article-title":"Direct and indirect pathways for corticospinal control of upper limb motoneurons in the primate.","volume":"143","author":"Lemon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13420","article-title":"A synergy-based hand control is encoded in human motor cortical areas.","volume":"5","author":"Leo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.281","article-title":"Interjoint coordination during pointing movements is disrupted in spastic hemiparesis.","volume":"119","author":"Levin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47313-0_7","article-title":"Principles of motor recovery after neurological injury based on a motor control theory.","volume":"957","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/84.1.8","article-title":"Development and validation of a scale for rating motor compensations used for reaching in patients with hemiparesis: the reaching performance scale.","volume":"84","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308328727","article-title":"What do motor \u201crecovery\u201d and \u201ccompensation\u201d mean in patients following stroke?","volume":"23","author":"Levin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315613863","article-title":"Compensatory versus noncompensatory shoulder movements used for reaching in stroke.","volume":"30","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0976-6","article-title":"Use of the trunk for reaching targets placed within and beyond the reach in adult hemiparesis.","volume":"143","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.15.2.285","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration for functional recovery and the Bobath approach.","volume":"15","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00120","article-title":"Spasticity, motor recovery, and neural plasticity after stroke.","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00164-0","article-title":"The effects of stroke and age on finger interaction in multi-finger force production tasks.","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2720727","article-title":"Data glove system embedded with inertial measurement units for hand function evaluation in stroke patients.","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307301886","article-title":"Wallerian degeneration of the corticofugal tracts in chronic stroke: a pilot study relating diffusion tensor imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and hand function.","volume":"21","author":"Lindberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.09.007","article-title":"Cerebral imaging of post-stroke plasticity and tissue repair.","volume":"173","author":"Loubinoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0612-y","article-title":"Wearable technology in stroke rehabilitation: towards improved diagnosis and treatment of upper-limb motor impairment.","volume":"16","author":"Maceira-Elvira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319875951","article-title":"Functional deficits in the less-impaired arm of stroke survivors depend on hemisphere of damage and extent of paretic arm impairment.","volume":"34","author":"Maenza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00074","article-title":"Principles of neurorehabilitation after stroke based on motor learning and brain plasticity mechanisms.","volume":"13","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"B136","first-page":"257","article-title":"The importance of direct vs indirect corticospinal connections for dexterity and their evolution","author":"Maier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stone Knapping, the Necessary Condition for an Uniquely Hominin Behaviour"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.01-08-698","article-title":"Redundancy, self-motion, and motor control.","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178185","article-title":"Taxonomy based analysis of force exchanges during object grasping and manipulation.","volume":"12","author":"Martin-Brevet","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2000.19710121.x","article-title":"Evolution of the human hand: approaches to acquiring, analysing and interpreting the anatomical evidence.","volume":"197","author":"Marzke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320939563","article-title":"Pushing the rehabilitation boundaries: hand motor impairment can be reduced in chronic stroke.","volume":"34","author":"Mawase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg088","article-title":"Changes in propriospinally mediated excitation of upper limb motoneurons in stroke patients.","volume":"126","author":"Mazevet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00082","article-title":"A neuroanatomical framework for upper limb synergies after stroke.","volume":"9","author":"McMorland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274968","article-title":"Progressive recruitment of contralesional cortico-reticulospinal pathways drives motor impairment post stroke.","volume":"596","author":"McPherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006876.pub5","article-title":"Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke.","volume":"9","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009414","article-title":"Evaluation of the Myo armband for the classification of hand motions.","volume":"2017","author":"Mendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Rehabil. Robot."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315624779","article-title":"Somatosensory impairments in the upper limb poststroke: distribution and association with motor function and visuospatial neglect.","volume":"30","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.06.004","article-title":"Characterization of upper arm synergies during reaching tasks in able-bodied and hemiparetic subjects.","volume":"20","author":"Micera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000196940.20446.c9","article-title":"Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial.","volume":"37","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.8.1875","article-title":"Effect of trunk restraint on the recovery of reaching movements in hemiparetic patients.","volume":"32","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.03.016","article-title":"Quantifying nonuse in chronic stroke patients: a study into paretic, nonparetic, and bimanual upper-limb use in daily life.","volume":"93","author":"Michielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00434.2001","article-title":"The effects of digital anesthesia on force control using a precision grip.","volume":"89","author":"Monzee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90635-2","article-title":"Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip.","volume":"261","author":"Muir","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10848","article-title":"Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke.","volume":"55","author":"Murase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B154","first-page":"902","article-title":"Prehensility and opposability in the hands of primates.","author":"Napier","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.38B4.902","article-title":"The prehensile movements of the human hand.","author":"Napier","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"B156","first-page":"341","article-title":"Constraints on the development of coordination","author":"Newell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.05.021","article-title":"The impact of stroke on the performance of grasping: usefulness of kinetic and kinematic motion analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Nowak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.10.003","article-title":"Objective evaluation of manual performance deficits in neurological movement disorders.","volume":"51","author":"Nowak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581267","author":"Nowak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensorimotor Control of Grasping, Physiology and Pathophysiology."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01697.x","article-title":"The effects of digital anaesthesia on predictive grip force adjustments during vertical movements of a grasped object.","volume":"14","author":"Nowak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1095-z","article-title":"Deficits of predictive grip force control during object manipulation in acute stroke.","volume":"250","author":"Nowak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-02-00785.1996","article-title":"Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys.","volume":"16","author":"Nudo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.8.2.111","article-title":"Bimanual coordination: an unbalanced field of research.","volume":"8","author":"Obhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2356-15.2016","article-title":"Inactivation of the dorsal premotor area disrupts internally generated, but not visually guided, sequential movements.","volume":"36","author":"Ohbayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00257","article-title":"Upper extremity motor impairments and microstructural changes in bulbospinal pathways in chronic hemiparetic stroke.","volume":"8","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00240","article-title":"Effects of hand configuration on the grasping, holding, and placement of an instrumented object in patients with hemiparesis.","volume":"10","author":"Parry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.036","article-title":"A structural motor network correlates with motor function and not impairment post stroke.","volume":"658","author":"Peters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(96)00002-0","article-title":"Transmission of the cortical command for human voluntary movement through cervical propriospinal premotoneurons.","volume":"48","author":"Pierrot-Deseilligny","year":"1996","journal-title":"Progress Neurobiol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01082","article-title":"Arm ability training (AAT) promotes dexterity recovery after a stroke-a review of its design, clinical effectiveness, and the neurobiology of the actions.","volume":"9","author":"Platz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309335974","article-title":"Best conventional therapy versus modular impairment-oriented training for arm paresis after stroke: a single-blind, multicenter randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"Platz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307305302","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in the capacity for motor recovery after ischemic stroke.","volume":"22","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968305282269","article-title":"Impaired grip force modulation in the Ipsilesional hand after unilateral middle cerebral artery stroke.","volume":"19","author":"Quaney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00873.2005","article-title":"Patterns of impairment in digit independence after subcortical stroke.","volume":"95","author":"Raghavan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00936.2009","article-title":"Compensatory motor control after stroke: an alternative joint strategy for object-dependent shaping of hand posture.","volume":"103","author":"Raghavan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-190978","article-title":"Translating concepts of neural repair after stroke: structural and functional targets for recovery.","volume":"38","author":"Regenhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg246","article-title":"Aspects of joint coordination are preserved during pointing in persons with post-stroke hemiparesis.","volume":"126","author":"Reisman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0209-5","article-title":"Workspace location influences joint coordination during reaching in post-stroke hemiparesis.","volume":"170","author":"Reisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.043","article-title":"The trunk as a part of the kinematic chain for reaching movements in healthy subjects and hemiparetic patients.","volume":"1382","author":"Robertson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00021.x","article-title":"Motor compensation and recovery for reaching in stroke patients.","volume":"107","author":"Roby-Brami","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(03)02334-5","article-title":"Hand orientation for grasping and arm joint rotation patterns in healthy subjects and hemiparetic stroke patients.","volume":"969","author":"Roby-Brami","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.1.1.72","article-title":"Reaching and grasping strategies in hemiparetic patients.","volume":"1","author":"Roby-Brami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-18-08297.2002","article-title":"Movement smoothness changes during stroke recovery.","volume":"22","author":"Rohrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262014557.001.0001","author":"Rowlands","year":"2010","journal-title":"The New Science of the Mind: From Extended Mind to Embodied Phenomenology."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47313-0_14","article-title":"Motor lateralization provides a foundation for predicting and treating non-paretic arm motor deficits in stroke.","volume":"957","author":"Sainburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-62015","article-title":"Structural plasticity in adulthood with motor learning and stroke rehabilitation.","volume":"41","author":"Sampaio-Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00040-1","article-title":"Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation.","volume":"116","author":"Sandrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-1972-5","article-title":"Palmar arch modulation in patients with hemiparesis after a stroke.","volume":"199","author":"Sangole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2016.02.001","article-title":"Hand synergies: integration of robotics and neuroscience for understanding the control of biological and artificial hands.","volume":"17","author":"Santello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Life Rev."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10105","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-23-10105.1998","article-title":"Postural hand synergies for tool use.","volume":"18","author":"Santello","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.3.1307","article-title":"Gradual molding of the hand to object contours.","volume":"79","author":"Santello","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154792","article-title":"Upper limb outcome measures used in stroke rehabilitation studies: a systematic literature review.","volume":"11","author":"Santisteban","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77064-2_30","article-title":"Selective activation of human finger muscles after stroke or amputation.","volume":"629","author":"Schieber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05711-y","article-title":"Visual cues, expectations, and sensorimotor memories in the prediction and perception of object dynamics during manipulation.","volume":"238","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210000540","article-title":"Identifying the control structure of multijoint coordination during pistol shooting.","volume":"135","author":"Scholz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2013.852624","article-title":"A new approach to the characterization of subtle errors in everyday action: implications for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"28","author":"Seligman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319868718","article-title":"Breaking proportional recovery after stroke.","volume":"33","author":"Senesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2193-7","article-title":"Altered digit force direction during pinch grip following stroke.","volume":"202","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004433.pub2","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in stroke patients.","volume":"7","author":"Sirtori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00123.2019","article-title":"A review of grasping as the movements of digits in space.","volume":"122","author":"Smeets","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2017.8009424","article-title":"Analyzing at-home prosthesis use in unilateral upper-limb amputees to inform treatment & device design.","volume":"2017","author":"Spiers","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Conf. Rehabil. Robot."},{"key":"B201","first-page":"347","article-title":"Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke.","volume":"74","author":"Taub","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B202","first-page":"241","article-title":"The learned nonuse phenomenon: implications for rehabilitation.","volume":"42","author":"Taub","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys."},{"key":"B203","first-page":"237","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy: a new family of techniques with broad application to physical rehabilitation\u2013a clinical review.","volume":"36","author":"Taub","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0054-0","article-title":"A novel method for the quantification of key components of manual dexterity after stroke.","volume":"12","author":"Teremetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310368963","article-title":"Influence of task-oriented training content on skilled arm-hand performance in stroke: a systematic review.","volume":"24","author":"Timmermans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.01.002","article-title":"Neuromechanics of muscle synergies for posture and movement.","volume":"17","author":"Ting","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309332733","article-title":"Hemisphere specific impairments in reach-to-grasp control after stroke: effects of object size.","volume":"23","author":"Tretriluxana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00936.2010","article-title":"Diminished capacity to modulate motor activation patterns according to task contributes to thumb deficits following stroke.","volume":"106","author":"Triandafilou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.1.40","article-title":"Observations of improvement of reaching in five subjects with left hemiparesis.","volume":"56","author":"Trombly","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/74.4.443","article-title":"The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man.","volume":"74","author":"Twitchell","year":"1951","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313498514","article-title":"The contribution of kinematics in the assessment of upper limb motor recovery early after stroke.","volume":"28","author":"van Dokkum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.006","article-title":"Impact of time on quality of motor control of the paretic upper limb after stroke.","volume":"95","author":"van Kordelaar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3169-6","article-title":"Unraveling the interaction between pathological upper limb synergies and compensatory trunk movements during reach-to-grasp after stroke: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"221","author":"van Kordelaar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.02.005","article-title":"Responsiveness of kinematic and clinical measures of upper-limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"64","author":"Villepinte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0229-y","article-title":"Interactive wearable systems for upper body rehabilitation: a systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319954","article-title":"Intensive upper limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke: outcomes from the queen square programme.","volume":"90","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030486","article-title":"Blowing up neural repair for stroke recovery: preclinical and clinical trial considerations.","volume":"51","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314521011","article-title":"Trunk restraint to promote upper extremity recovery in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Wee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238156","article-title":"Factors influencing the force control during precision grip.","volume":"53","author":"Westling","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968310380685","article-title":"Bilateral and unilateral arm training improve motor function through differing neuroplastic mechanisms: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial.","volume":"25","author":"Whitall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012759440-8\/50020-7","article-title":"Anticipatory control of grip force in rapid arm movement","author":"Wing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hand and Brain: Neurophysiology and Psychology of Hand Movement"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023603","article-title":"Dosage Matters.","volume":"50","author":"Winstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172412","article-title":"Been there, done that, so what\u2019s next for arm and hand rehabilitation in stroke?","volume":"43","author":"Winstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/american stroke association.","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0276","article-title":"Effect of a task-oriented rehabilitation program on upper extremity recovery following motor stroke: the ICARE randomized clinical trial.","volume":"315","author":"Winstein","year":"","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.01.057","article-title":"Finger strength, individuation, and their interaction: relationship to hand function and corticospinal tract injury after stroke.","volume":"129","author":"Wolbrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6901180060p1","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2015.012195","article-title":"Effectiveness of occupation-based interventions to improve areas of occupation and social participation after stroke: an evidence-based review.","volume":"69","author":"Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-161348","article-title":"Treatments and technologies in the rehabilitation of apraxia and action disorganisation syndrome: a review.","volume":"39","author":"Worthington","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.06.066","article-title":"Interplay between intra- and interhemispheric remodeling of neural networks as a substrate of functional recovery after stroke: adaptive versus maladaptive reorganization.","volume":"283","author":"Xerri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0602-8","article-title":"The role of kinematic redundancy in adaptation of reaching.","volume":"176","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00018-0","article-title":"Synergic analysis of upper limb target-reaching movements.","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.4.834","article-title":"Hughlings Jackson\u2019s theory of recovery.","volume":"45","author":"York","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws115","article-title":"Changes in descending motor pathway connectivity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkey.","volume":"135","author":"Zaaimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900261","article-title":"Enslaving effects in multi-finger force production.","volume":"131","author":"Zatsiorsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662006\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T00:26:22Z","timestamp":1699143982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662006\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"references-count":234,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.662006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"article-number":"662006"}}