{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:20:55Z","timestamp":1787026855969,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009019","name":"Shenzhen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Restricted and repetitive behavior is a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) characterized by features of restrictedness, repetition, rigidity, and invariance. Few studies have investigated how restrictedness is manifested in motor behavior. This study aimed to address this question by instructing participants to perform the utmost complex movement. Twenty children with ASD and 23 children with typical development (TD) performed one-dimensional, left-right arm oscillations by demonstrating varying amplitudes and frequencies. The entropy of amplitude and velocity was calculated as an index of kinematic complexity. Results showed that the velocity entropy, but not the amplitude entropy, was significantly lower in ASD than in TD (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01), suggesting restricted kinematics. Further analysis demonstrated that a significantly higher proportion of the velocity values was allocated at a low-speed level in the children with ASD (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.01). A qualitative comparison of the complex movement with movement at preferred frequency suggested that the children with ASD might be less likely to shift away from the preferred movement. However, our study can be improved in terms of recruiting a larger sample of participants, measuring the level of motivation, and collecting both complex and preferred movements of the same participant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.708969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T12:26:22Z","timestamp":1635942382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Restricted Kinematics in Children With Autism in the Execution of Complex Oscillatory Arm Movements"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingda","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongling","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1989.tb01369.x","article-title":"Do autistic children have obsessions and compulsions?","volume":"28","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4.","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005596502855","article-title":"Varieties of repetitive behavior in autism: comparisons to mental retardation.","volume":"30","author":"Bodfish","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9305-x","article-title":"Postural control processes during standing and step initiation in autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Bojanek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"B6","author":"Clausius","year":"1867","journal-title":"The Mechanical Theory of Heat - with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.02.005","article-title":"Examining executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development.","volume":"166","author":"Corbett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/00001163-200504000-00002","article-title":"Early intervention in autism.","volume":"18","author":"Corsello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infants Young Children"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031721","article-title":"Reduced behavioral flexibility in autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"27","author":"D\u2019Cruz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.106.1.259-269","article-title":"Analysis of toddlers\u2019 gait after six months of independent walking to identify autism: a preliminary study.","volume":"106","author":"Esposito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skill"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.02.005","article-title":"Estimation of spatial-temporal hand motion parameters in rehabilitation using a low-cost noncontact measurement system.","volume":"90","author":"Fazeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.016","article-title":"Decreased dynamical complexity during quiet stance in children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"39","author":"Fournier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0981-3","article-title":"Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis.","volume":"40","author":"Fournier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2013-004","article-title":"Hypothesis tests for multivariate linear models using the car package.","volume":"5","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c0d48c","article-title":"Children with autism show specific handwriting impairments.","volume":"73","author":"Fuentes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.3390\/s140203702","article-title":"An analysis of the precision and reliability of the leap motion sensor and its suitability for static and dynamic tracking.","volume":"14","author":"Guna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1995.9941708","article-title":"Energetic cost and stability during human walking at the preferred stride frequency.","volume":"27","author":"Holt","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/204908a0","article-title":"Arousal and childhood autism.","volume":"204","author":"Hutt","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0390-0","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental heterogeneity and computational approaches for understanding autism.","volume":"9","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact.","volume":"2","author":"Kanner","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nervous Child"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.13.2.178","article-title":"Space\u2013time behavior of single and bimanual rhythmical movements: data and limit cycle model.","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.142","article-title":"Restricted and repetitive behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders based on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS).","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2511\/rpsd.32.2.89","article-title":"Circumscribed interests in higher functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders: an exploratory study.","volume":"32","author":"Klin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Persons Severe Disabl."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"754","article-title":"Entropy per unit time as a metric invariant of automorphism.","volume":"124","author":"Kolmogorov","year":"1959","journal-title":"Doklady Akademii Nauk Sssr"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0213-z","article-title":"The repetitive behavior scale-revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"37","author":"Lam","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2018-0042","article-title":"Complexity of center of pressure in postural control for children with autism spectrum disorders was partially compromised.","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-5035-x","article-title":"Examining the relationship between executive functions and restricted, repetitive symptoms of autistic disorder.","volume":"35","author":"Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193639","article-title":"Evaluation of the leap motion controller during the performance of visually-guided upper limb movements.","volume":"13","author":"Niechwiej-Szwedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01008-8","article-title":"Evidence for a cerebellar role in reduced exploration and stereotyped behavior in autism.","volume":"49","author":"Pierce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(96)00034-0","article-title":"The stereotypy analysis: an instrument for examining environmental variables associated with differential rates of stereotypic behavior.","volume":"18","author":"Pyles","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.","year":"2013"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1992.tb00471.x","article-title":"A study of the homeostatic level of stereotypy and other motor movements of persons with mental handicaps.","volume":"36","author":"Repp","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.19.2.397","article-title":"Coupling dynamics in interlimb coordination.","volume":"19","author":"Schmidt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.06.028","article-title":"The neural circuitry mediating shifts in behavioral response and cognitive set in Autism.","volume":"63","author":"Shafritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication.","volume":"5","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Technical J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819b3848","article-title":"Timing of identification among children with an autism spectrum disorder: findings from a population-based surveillance study.","volume":"48","author":"Shattuck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20151093","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.1093","article-title":"Dynamic similarity promotes interpersonal coordination in joint action.","volume":"13","author":"S\u0142owi\u0144ski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.01.001","article-title":"Procedural learning and cognitive flexibility in a mouse model of restricted, repetitive behaviour.","volume":"189","author":"Tanimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.25.6.1579","article-title":"Attentional load associated with performing and stabilizing preferred bimanual patterns.","volume":"25","author":"Temprado","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00502","article-title":"Annotation: repetitive behaviour in autism: a review of psychological research.","volume":"40","author":"Turner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.3390\/s130506380","article-title":"Analysis of the accuracy and robustness of the leap motion controller.","volume":"13","author":"Weichert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200604002-00005","article-title":"Examination of the time between first evaluation and first autism spectrum diagnosis in a population-based sample.","volume":"27","author":"Wiggins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12419","article-title":"Influence of perceived emotion and gender on social motor coordination.","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2478","article-title":"Atypical head movement during face-to-face interaction in children with autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.708969\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T12:26:28Z","timestamp":1635942388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.708969\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2021.708969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.708969","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"article-number":"708969"}}