{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:13:39Z","timestamp":1792224819945,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Hum. Neurosci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manipulating sensory and motor cues can cause an illusionary perception of ownership of a fake body part. Presumably, the illusion can work as long as the false body part\u2019s position and appearance are anatomically plausible. Here, we introduce an illusion that challenges past assumptions on body ownership. We used virtual reality to switch and mirror participants\u2019 views of their hands. When a participant moves their physical hand, they see the incongruent virtual hand moving. The result is an anatomically implausible configuration of the fake hand. Despite the hand switch, participants reported significant body ownership sensations over the virtual hands. In the first between-group experiment, we found that the strength of body ownership over the incongruent hands was similar to that of congruent hands. Whereas, in the second within-group experiment, anatomical incongruency significantly decreased body ownership. Still, participants reported significant body ownership sensations of the switched hands. Curiously, we found that perceived levels of agency mediate the effect of anatomical congruency on body ownership. These findings offer a fresh perspective on the relationship between anatomical plausibility and assumed body ownership. We propose that goal-directed and purposeful actions can override anatomical plausibility constraints and discuss this in the context of the immersive properties of virtual reality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T05:09:39Z","timestamp":1635916179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Body Ownership of Anatomically Implausible Hands in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Or","family":"Yizhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Giron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohr","family":"Wenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Chetrit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilad","family":"Ostrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doron","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Amedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008","article-title":"Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin implications for neurocognitive mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self-consciousness","volume":"50","author":"Blanke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1302_01","article-title":"Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology","volume":"13","author":"Blascovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3122","article-title":"Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Bohil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/35784","article-title":"Rubber hands \u2018feel\u2019 touch that eyes see","volume":"391","author":"Botvinick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00535","article-title":"The senses of agency and ownership: a review","volume":"9","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1068\/p5921","article-title":"Movement and the rubber hand illusion","volume":"38","author":"Dummer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097011","article-title":"That\u2019s my hand! activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb","volume":"305","author":"Ehrsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9828","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610011104","article-title":"Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response","volume":"104","author":"Ehrsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-020-02119-7","article-title":"Proprioceptive drift is affected by the intermanual distance rather than the distance from the body\u2019s midline in the rubber hand illusion","volume":"82","author":"Erro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/bile-2021-0001","article-title":"The Pearson Bayes factor: an analytic formula for computing evidential value from minimal summary statistics","volume":"58","author":"Faulkenberry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biom. Lett."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"5145","article-title":"Extending the body for interaction with reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems CHI \u201917","author":"Feuchtner","year":"2017"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(99)01417-5","article-title":"Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science","volume":"4","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"67","volume-title":"The Theory of Affordances.","author":"Gibson","year":"1977"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00074","article-title":"Avatar embodiment. Towards a standardized questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"Gonzalez-Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1782","article-title":"Coding the location of the arm by sight","volume":"290","author":"Graziano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017208","article-title":"The Illusion of owning a third arm","volume":"6","author":"Guterstam","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.14","article-title":"Sense of agency in the human brain","volume":"18","author":"Haggard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1068\/p7322","article-title":"The effect of \u201canatomical plausibility\u201d of hand angle on the rubber-hand illusion","volume":"42","author":"Ide","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00040","article-title":"Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own: a dissociation of ownership and agency","volume":"6","author":"Kalckert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2014.08.022","article-title":"The spatial distance rule in the moving and classical rubber hand illusions","volume":"30","author":"Kalckert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00141","article-title":"Over my fake body: body ownership illusions for studying the multisensory basis of own-body perception","volume":"9","author":"Kilteni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40867","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040867","article-title":"Extending body space in immersive virtual reality: a very long arm illusion","volume":"7","author":"Kilteni","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.09.006","article-title":"Virtual reality as an empirical research tool \u2014 exploring user experience in a real building and a corresponding virtual model","volume":"54","author":"Kuliga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087759","volume-title":"Bayesian Cognitive Modeling: A Practical Course.","author":"Lee","year":"2014"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1198\/016214507000001337","article-title":"Mixtures of g priors for bayesian variable selection","volume":"103","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2006.09.013","article-title":"Spatial limits on referred touch to an alien limb may reflect boundaries of visuo-tactile peripersonal space surrounding the hand","volume":"64","author":"Lloyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003832","article-title":"If i were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping","volume":"3","author":"Petkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9993","article-title":"Affective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotions","volume":"10","author":"Riva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2012.08.001","article-title":"Default bayes factors for ANOVA designs","volume":"56","author":"Rouder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010381","article-title":"Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations","volume":"5","author":"Sanchez-Vives","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.15.5.553","article-title":"Analysis of physiological responses to a social situation in an immersive virtual environment","volume":"15","author":"Slater","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.029.2009","article-title":"Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body","volume":"3","author":"Slater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010564","article-title":"First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality","volume":"5","author":"Slater","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.31.1.80","article-title":"The rubber hand illusion revisited: visuotactile integration and self-attribution","volume":"31","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.09.004","article-title":"Having a body versus moving your body: how agency structures body-ownership","volume":"15","author":"Tsakiris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-0277(02)00100-2","article-title":"Sense of body and sense of action both contribute to self-recognition","volume":"85","author":"Van Den Bos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12107","article-title":"Homuncular flexibility in virtual reality","volume":"20","author":"Won","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2010.5444807","article-title":"Is the rubber hand illusion induced by immersive virtual reality?","volume-title":"2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR)","author":"Yuan","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713931\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T10:50:13Z","timestamp":1673693413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713931\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713931","relation":{},"ISSN":["1662-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1662-5161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"article-number":"713931"}}